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Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits

After injury, electrical stimulation of the nervous system can augment plasticity of spared or latent circuits through focal modulation. Pairing stimulation of two parts of a spared circuit can target modulation more specifically to the intended circuit. We discuss 3 kinds of paired stimulation in t...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Harel, Noam Y., Carmel, Jason B.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075312/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27800189
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7043767
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author Harel, Noam Y.
Carmel, Jason B.
author_facet Harel, Noam Y.
Carmel, Jason B.
author_sort Harel, Noam Y.
collection PubMed
description After injury, electrical stimulation of the nervous system can augment plasticity of spared or latent circuits through focal modulation. Pairing stimulation of two parts of a spared circuit can target modulation more specifically to the intended circuit. We discuss 3 kinds of paired stimulation in the context of the corticospinal system, because of its importance in clinical neurorehabilitation. The first uses principles of Hebbian plasticity: by altering the stimulation timing of presynaptic neurons and their postsynaptic targets, synapse function can be modulated up or down. The second form uses synchronized presynaptic inputs onto a common synaptic target. We dub this a “convergent” mechanism, because stimuli have to converge on a common target with coordinated timing. The third form induces focal modulation by tonic excitation of one region (e.g., the spinal cord) during phasic stimulation of another (e.g., motor cortex). Additionally, endogenous neural activity may be paired with exogenous electrical stimulation. This review addresses what is known about paired stimulation of the corticospinal system of both humans and animal models, emphasizes how it qualitatively differs from single-site stimulation, and discusses the gaps in knowledge that must be addressed to maximize its use and efficacy in neurorehabilitation.
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spelling pubmed-50753122016-10-31 Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits Harel, Noam Y. Carmel, Jason B. Neural Plast Review Article After injury, electrical stimulation of the nervous system can augment plasticity of spared or latent circuits through focal modulation. Pairing stimulation of two parts of a spared circuit can target modulation more specifically to the intended circuit. We discuss 3 kinds of paired stimulation in the context of the corticospinal system, because of its importance in clinical neurorehabilitation. The first uses principles of Hebbian plasticity: by altering the stimulation timing of presynaptic neurons and their postsynaptic targets, synapse function can be modulated up or down. The second form uses synchronized presynaptic inputs onto a common synaptic target. We dub this a “convergent” mechanism, because stimuli have to converge on a common target with coordinated timing. The third form induces focal modulation by tonic excitation of one region (e.g., the spinal cord) during phasic stimulation of another (e.g., motor cortex). Additionally, endogenous neural activity may be paired with exogenous electrical stimulation. This review addresses what is known about paired stimulation of the corticospinal system of both humans and animal models, emphasizes how it qualitatively differs from single-site stimulation, and discusses the gaps in knowledge that must be addressed to maximize its use and efficacy in neurorehabilitation. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2016 2016-10-09 /pmc/articles/PMC5075312/ /pubmed/27800189 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7043767 Text en Copyright © 2016 N. Y. Harel and J. B. Carmel. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Harel, Noam Y.
Carmel, Jason B.
Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits
title Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits
title_full Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits
title_fullStr Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits
title_full_unstemmed Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits
title_short Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits
title_sort paired stimulation to promote lasting augmentation of corticospinal circuits
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075312/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27800189
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7043767
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