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Glaucoma: the retina and beyond

Over 60 million people worldwide are diagnosed with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, which is estimated to be responsible for 8.4 million cases of irreversible blindness globally. Glaucoma is associated with characteristic damage to the optic nerve and patterns of visual field loss which principally i...

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Autores principales: Davis, Benjamin Michael, Crawley, Laura, Pahlitzsch, Milena, Javaid, Fatimah, Cordeiro, Maria Francesca
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5106492/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544758
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1609-2
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author Davis, Benjamin Michael
Crawley, Laura
Pahlitzsch, Milena
Javaid, Fatimah
Cordeiro, Maria Francesca
author_facet Davis, Benjamin Michael
Crawley, Laura
Pahlitzsch, Milena
Javaid, Fatimah
Cordeiro, Maria Francesca
author_sort Davis, Benjamin Michael
collection PubMed
description Over 60 million people worldwide are diagnosed with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, which is estimated to be responsible for 8.4 million cases of irreversible blindness globally. Glaucoma is associated with characteristic damage to the optic nerve and patterns of visual field loss which principally involves the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). At present, intraocular pressure (IOP) presents the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, although RGC and vision loss can continue in patients despite well-controlled IOP. This, coupled with the present inability to diagnose glaucoma until relatively late in the disease process, has led to intense investigations towards the development of novel techniques for the early diagnosis of disease. This review outlines our current understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying RGC and axonal loss in glaucoma. Similarities between glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system are drawn before an overview of recent developments in techniques for monitoring RGC health is provided, including recent progress towards the development of RGC specific contrast agents. The review concludes by discussing techniques to assess glaucomatous changes in the brain using MRI and the clinical relevance of glaucomatous-associated changes in the visual centres of the brain.
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spelling pubmed-51064922016-11-25 Glaucoma: the retina and beyond Davis, Benjamin Michael Crawley, Laura Pahlitzsch, Milena Javaid, Fatimah Cordeiro, Maria Francesca Acta Neuropathol Review Over 60 million people worldwide are diagnosed with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, which is estimated to be responsible for 8.4 million cases of irreversible blindness globally. Glaucoma is associated with characteristic damage to the optic nerve and patterns of visual field loss which principally involves the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). At present, intraocular pressure (IOP) presents the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, although RGC and vision loss can continue in patients despite well-controlled IOP. This, coupled with the present inability to diagnose glaucoma until relatively late in the disease process, has led to intense investigations towards the development of novel techniques for the early diagnosis of disease. This review outlines our current understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying RGC and axonal loss in glaucoma. Similarities between glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system are drawn before an overview of recent developments in techniques for monitoring RGC health is provided, including recent progress towards the development of RGC specific contrast agents. The review concludes by discussing techniques to assess glaucomatous changes in the brain using MRI and the clinical relevance of glaucomatous-associated changes in the visual centres of the brain. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2016-08-20 2016 /pmc/articles/PMC5106492/ /pubmed/27544758 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1609-2 Text en © The Author(s) 2016 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
spellingShingle Review
Davis, Benjamin Michael
Crawley, Laura
Pahlitzsch, Milena
Javaid, Fatimah
Cordeiro, Maria Francesca
Glaucoma: the retina and beyond
title Glaucoma: the retina and beyond
title_full Glaucoma: the retina and beyond
title_fullStr Glaucoma: the retina and beyond
title_full_unstemmed Glaucoma: the retina and beyond
title_short Glaucoma: the retina and beyond
title_sort glaucoma: the retina and beyond
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5106492/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544758
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1609-2
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