Cargando…

Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury

NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, are located throughout the central nervous system and serve as a pool of progenitors to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. In response to spinal cord injury (SCI), NG2 cells increase their proliferation and differentiation into remyelinati...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Hackett, Amber R., Lee, Jae K.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108923/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27895617
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00199
_version_ 1782467440589930496
author Hackett, Amber R.
Lee, Jae K.
author_facet Hackett, Amber R.
Lee, Jae K.
author_sort Hackett, Amber R.
collection PubMed
description NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, are located throughout the central nervous system and serve as a pool of progenitors to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. In response to spinal cord injury (SCI), NG2 cells increase their proliferation and differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. While astrocytes are typically associated with being the major cell type in the glial scar, many NG2 cells also accumulate within the glial scar but their function remains poorly understood. Similar to astrocytes, these cells hypertrophy, upregulate expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, inhibit axon regeneration, contribute to the glial-fibrotic scar border, and some even differentiate into astrocytes. Whether NG2 cells also have a role in other astrocyte functions, such as preventing the spread of infiltrating leukocytes and expression of inflammatory cytokines, is not yet known. Thus, NG2 cells are not only important for remyelination after SCI but are also a major component of the glial scar with functions that overlap with astrocytes in this region. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways important for the proliferation and differentiation of NG2 cells, as well as the role of NG2 cells in scar formation and tissue repair.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-5108923
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2016
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-51089232016-11-28 Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury Hackett, Amber R. Lee, Jae K. Front Neurol Neuroscience NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, are located throughout the central nervous system and serve as a pool of progenitors to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. In response to spinal cord injury (SCI), NG2 cells increase their proliferation and differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. While astrocytes are typically associated with being the major cell type in the glial scar, many NG2 cells also accumulate within the glial scar but their function remains poorly understood. Similar to astrocytes, these cells hypertrophy, upregulate expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, inhibit axon regeneration, contribute to the glial-fibrotic scar border, and some even differentiate into astrocytes. Whether NG2 cells also have a role in other astrocyte functions, such as preventing the spread of infiltrating leukocytes and expression of inflammatory cytokines, is not yet known. Thus, NG2 cells are not only important for remyelination after SCI but are also a major component of the glial scar with functions that overlap with astrocytes in this region. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways important for the proliferation and differentiation of NG2 cells, as well as the role of NG2 cells in scar formation and tissue repair. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-11-15 /pmc/articles/PMC5108923/ /pubmed/27895617 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00199 Text en Copyright © 2016 Hackett and Lee. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Hackett, Amber R.
Lee, Jae K.
Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury
title Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury
title_full Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury
title_fullStr Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury
title_full_unstemmed Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury
title_short Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury
title_sort understanding the ng2 glial scar after spinal cord injury
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108923/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27895617
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00199
work_keys_str_mv AT hackettamberr understandingtheng2glialscarafterspinalcordinjury
AT leejaek understandingtheng2glialscarafterspinalcordinjury