Forms and Lability of Phosphorus in Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes Characterized by Solution (31)P NMR Coupled with Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Solution Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) with commercially available phosphatases was used to characterize phosphorus (P) compounds in extracts of the dominant aquatic macrophytes and algae in a eutrophic lake. Total extractable organic P (P(o)) concentrations ranged from 504 to 1643 mg kg(−1) and 2318 to 8395 mg kg(−1) for aquatic macrophytes and algae, respectively. Using (31)P NMR spectroscopy, 11 P(o) species were detected in the mono- and diester region. Additionally, orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and phosphonates were also detected. Using EH, phytate-like P was identified as the prevalent class of enzyme-labile P(o), followed by labile monoester- and diester-P. Comparison of the NMR and EH data indicated that the distribution pattern of major P forms in the samples determined by the two methods was similar (r = 0.712, p < 0.05). Additional (31)P NMR spectroscopic analysis of extracts following EH showed significant decreases in the monoester and pyrophosphate regions, with a corresponding increase in the orthophosphate signal, as compared to unhydrolyzed extracts. Based on these quantity and hydrolysis data, we proposed that recycling of P(o) in vegetative biomass residues is an important mechanism for long-term self-regulation of available P for algal blooming in eutrophic lakes.