AAO: Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory (Disease) in Otology: What is New in Immune‐Mediated Hearing Loss

OBJECTIVES: Autoinflammatory diseases are a family of immune‐mediated, rare diseases, some of which, exhibit sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), suggesting potentially similar mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis between autoinflammatory‐mediated hearing loss and autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) may exist. The purpose of this review is to compare the clinical features of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases that affect hearing, discuss the limitations of our knowledge, and highlight potential new disease mechanisms and therapeutics. DATA SOURCES: Pubmed Literature Review; Google Scholar Literature review. REVIEW METHODS: A focused comparison of AIED with a number of autoinflammatory diseases that manifest with sensorineural hearing loss was performed. The pathogenesis of these diseases is reviewed in the context of the innate and adaptive immune system, cytokine expression and genetic polymorphisms. RESULTS: AIED, since first described by Cogan and Lehnhardt and first clinically characterized by McCabe, has remained an enigmatic disease, with limited advances in both new diagnostics and new therapeutics. Since the discovery of autoinflammatory diseases, a number of systemic autoimmune diseases have either been re‐classed as autoinflammatory diseases or identified to have features of autoinflammatory disease. CONCLUSION: AIED has clinical features of both autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. It is critical that autoinflammatory diseases be correctly identified, as failure to do so may result in systemic amyloidosis and kidney damage.