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Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy Is Showing Its Worst Facet
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a housekeeping process constitutively executed at basal level in all cells to promote cellular homeostasis by regulating organelle and protein turnover. However, autophagy deregulation caused by several stress factors, such as hypoxia, is preval...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114287/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27917371 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00246 |
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author | Viry, Elodie Noman, Muhammad Zaeem Arakelian, Tsolère Lequeux, Audrey Chouaib, Salem Berchem, Guy Moussay, Etienne Paggetti, Jérôme Janji, Bassam |
author_facet | Viry, Elodie Noman, Muhammad Zaeem Arakelian, Tsolère Lequeux, Audrey Chouaib, Salem Berchem, Guy Moussay, Etienne Paggetti, Jérôme Janji, Bassam |
author_sort | Viry, Elodie |
collection | PubMed |
description | Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a housekeeping process constitutively executed at basal level in all cells to promote cellular homeostasis by regulating organelle and protein turnover. However, autophagy deregulation caused by several stress factors, such as hypoxia, is prevalent in many cancers. It is now well established that autophagy can act as tumor suppressor or tumor promoter depending on tumor type, stage, and genetic context. In developed tumors, autophagy promotes the survival of cancer cells and therefore operates as a cell resistance mechanism. Emerging evidence point to the prominent role of autophagy in disabling the antitumor immune response by multiple overlapping mechanisms leading to tumor escape from immune cell attack mediated by both natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Such a role has inspired significant interest in applying anti-autophagy therapies as an entirely new approach to overcome tumor escape from immune surveillance, which constitutes so far a major challenge in developing more effective cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we will summarize recent reports describing how tumor cells, by activating autophagy, manage to hijack the immune system. In particular, we will focus on the emerging role of hypoxia-induced autophagy in shaping the antitumor immune response and in allowing tumor cells to outmaneuver an effective immune response and escape immunosurveillance. In keeping with this, we strongly believe that autophagy represents an attractive future therapeutic target to develop innovative and effective cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5114287 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-51142872016-12-02 Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy Is Showing Its Worst Facet Viry, Elodie Noman, Muhammad Zaeem Arakelian, Tsolère Lequeux, Audrey Chouaib, Salem Berchem, Guy Moussay, Etienne Paggetti, Jérôme Janji, Bassam Front Oncol Oncology Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a housekeeping process constitutively executed at basal level in all cells to promote cellular homeostasis by regulating organelle and protein turnover. However, autophagy deregulation caused by several stress factors, such as hypoxia, is prevalent in many cancers. It is now well established that autophagy can act as tumor suppressor or tumor promoter depending on tumor type, stage, and genetic context. In developed tumors, autophagy promotes the survival of cancer cells and therefore operates as a cell resistance mechanism. Emerging evidence point to the prominent role of autophagy in disabling the antitumor immune response by multiple overlapping mechanisms leading to tumor escape from immune cell attack mediated by both natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Such a role has inspired significant interest in applying anti-autophagy therapies as an entirely new approach to overcome tumor escape from immune surveillance, which constitutes so far a major challenge in developing more effective cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we will summarize recent reports describing how tumor cells, by activating autophagy, manage to hijack the immune system. In particular, we will focus on the emerging role of hypoxia-induced autophagy in shaping the antitumor immune response and in allowing tumor cells to outmaneuver an effective immune response and escape immunosurveillance. In keeping with this, we strongly believe that autophagy represents an attractive future therapeutic target to develop innovative and effective cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-11-18 /pmc/articles/PMC5114287/ /pubmed/27917371 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00246 Text en Copyright © 2016 Viry, Noman, Arakelian, Lequeux, Chouaib, Berchem, Moussay, Paggetti and Janji. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Oncology Viry, Elodie Noman, Muhammad Zaeem Arakelian, Tsolère Lequeux, Audrey Chouaib, Salem Berchem, Guy Moussay, Etienne Paggetti, Jérôme Janji, Bassam Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy Is Showing Its Worst Facet |
title | Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy Is Showing Its Worst Facet |
title_full | Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy Is Showing Its Worst Facet |
title_fullStr | Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy Is Showing Its Worst Facet |
title_full_unstemmed | Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy Is Showing Its Worst Facet |
title_short | Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy Is Showing Its Worst Facet |
title_sort | hijacker of the antitumor immune response: autophagy is showing its worst facet |
topic | Oncology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114287/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27917371 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00246 |
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