Structural differences and differential expression among rhabdomeric opsins reveal functional change after gene duplication in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Pectinidae)

BACKGROUND: Opsins are the only class of proteins used for light perception in image-forming eyes. Gene duplication and subsequent functional divergence of opsins have played an important role in expanding photoreceptive capabilities of organisms by altering what wavelengths of light are absorbed by photoreceptors (spectral tuning). However, new opsin copies may also acquire novel function or subdivide ancestral functions through changes to temporal, spatial or the level of gene expression. Here, we test how opsin gene copies diversify in function and evolutionary fate by characterizing four rhabdomeric (G(q)-protein coupled) opsins in the scallop, Argopecten irradians, identified from tissue-specific transcriptomes. RESULTS: Under a phylogenetic analysis, we recovered a pattern consistent with two rounds of duplication that generated the genetic diversity of scallop G(q)-opsins. We found strong support for differential expression of paralogous G(q)-opsins across ocular and extra-ocular photosensitive tissues, suggesting that scallop G(q)-opsins are used in different biological contexts due to molecular alternations outside and within the protein-coding regions. Finally, we used available protein models to predict which amino acid residues interact with the light-absorbing chromophore. Variation in these residues suggests that the four G(q)-opsin paralogs absorb different wavelengths of light. CONCLUSIONS: Our results uncover novel genetic and functional diversity in the light-sensing structures of the scallop, demonstrating the complicated nature of G(q)-opsin diversification after gene duplication. Our results highlight a change in the nearly ubiquitous shadow response in molluscs to a narrowed functional specificity for visual processes in the eyed scallop. Our findings provide a starting point to study how gene duplication may coincide with eye evolution, and more specifically, different ways neofunctionalization of G(q)-opsins may occur. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0823-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.