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Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors

Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae of enveloped viruses and are an important cause of respiratory infections worldwide. The influenza virus is able to infect a wide variety species as diverse as poultry, marine, pigs, horses, and humans. Upon infection with influenza virus the i...

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Autores principales: Bahadoran, Azadeh, Lee, Sau H., Wang, Seok M., Manikam, Rishya, Rajarajeswaran, Jayakumar, Raju, Chandramathi S., Sekaran, Shamala D.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118461/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27920759
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01841
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author Bahadoran, Azadeh
Lee, Sau H.
Wang, Seok M.
Manikam, Rishya
Rajarajeswaran, Jayakumar
Raju, Chandramathi S.
Sekaran, Shamala D.
author_facet Bahadoran, Azadeh
Lee, Sau H.
Wang, Seok M.
Manikam, Rishya
Rajarajeswaran, Jayakumar
Raju, Chandramathi S.
Sekaran, Shamala D.
author_sort Bahadoran, Azadeh
collection PubMed
description Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae of enveloped viruses and are an important cause of respiratory infections worldwide. The influenza virus is able to infect a wide variety species as diverse as poultry, marine, pigs, horses, and humans. Upon infection with influenza virus the innate immunity plays a critical role in efficient and rapid control of viral infections as well as in adaptive immunity initiation. The humoral immune system produces antibodies against different influenza antigens, of which the HA-specific antibody is the most important for neutralization of the virus and thus prevention of illness. Cell mediated immunity including CD4(+) helper T cells and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells are the other arms of adaptive immunity induced upon influenza virus infection. The complex inherited factors and age related changes are associated with the host immune responses. Here, we review the different components of immune responses against influenza virus. Additionally, the correlation of the immune response to age and inherited factors has been discussed. These determinations lead to a better understanding of the limitations of immune responses for developing improved vaccines to control influenza virus infection.
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spelling pubmed-51184612016-12-05 Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors Bahadoran, Azadeh Lee, Sau H. Wang, Seok M. Manikam, Rishya Rajarajeswaran, Jayakumar Raju, Chandramathi S. Sekaran, Shamala D. Front Microbiol Microbiology Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae of enveloped viruses and are an important cause of respiratory infections worldwide. The influenza virus is able to infect a wide variety species as diverse as poultry, marine, pigs, horses, and humans. Upon infection with influenza virus the innate immunity plays a critical role in efficient and rapid control of viral infections as well as in adaptive immunity initiation. The humoral immune system produces antibodies against different influenza antigens, of which the HA-specific antibody is the most important for neutralization of the virus and thus prevention of illness. Cell mediated immunity including CD4(+) helper T cells and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells are the other arms of adaptive immunity induced upon influenza virus infection. The complex inherited factors and age related changes are associated with the host immune responses. Here, we review the different components of immune responses against influenza virus. Additionally, the correlation of the immune response to age and inherited factors has been discussed. These determinations lead to a better understanding of the limitations of immune responses for developing improved vaccines to control influenza virus infection. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-11-22 /pmc/articles/PMC5118461/ /pubmed/27920759 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01841 Text en Copyright © 2016 Bahadoran, Lee, Wang, Manikam, Rajarajeswaran, Raju and Sekaran. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Bahadoran, Azadeh
Lee, Sau H.
Wang, Seok M.
Manikam, Rishya
Rajarajeswaran, Jayakumar
Raju, Chandramathi S.
Sekaran, Shamala D.
Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors
title Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors
title_full Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors
title_fullStr Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors
title_full_unstemmed Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors
title_short Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors
title_sort immune responses to influenza virus and its correlation to age and inherited factors
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118461/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27920759
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01841
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