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Response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show significant behavioural and genetic overlap. Both ADHD and ASD are characterised by poor performance on a range of cognitive tasks. In particular, increased response time variability (RTV) is a promis...

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Autores principales: Tye, Charlotte, Johnson, Katherine A., Kelly, Simon P., Asherson, Philip, Kuntsi, Jonna, Ashwood, Karen L., Azadi, Bahare, Bolton, Patrick, McLoughlin, Gráinne
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5132150/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27465225
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12608
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author Tye, Charlotte
Johnson, Katherine A.
Kelly, Simon P.
Asherson, Philip
Kuntsi, Jonna
Ashwood, Karen L.
Azadi, Bahare
Bolton, Patrick
McLoughlin, Gráinne
author_facet Tye, Charlotte
Johnson, Katherine A.
Kelly, Simon P.
Asherson, Philip
Kuntsi, Jonna
Ashwood, Karen L.
Azadi, Bahare
Bolton, Patrick
McLoughlin, Gráinne
author_sort Tye, Charlotte
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show significant behavioural and genetic overlap. Both ADHD and ASD are characterised by poor performance on a range of cognitive tasks. In particular, increased response time variability (RTV) is a promising indicator of risk for both ADHD and ASD. However, it is not clear whether different indices of RTV and changes to RTV according to task conditions are able to discriminate between the two disorders. METHODS: Children with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 26) performed a four‐choice RT task with slow‐baseline and fast‐incentive conditions. Performance was characterised by mean RT (MRT), standard deviation of RT (SD‐RT), coefficient of variation (CV) and ex‐Gaussian distribution measures of Mu, Sigma and Tau. RESULTS: In the slow‐baseline condition, categorical diagnoses and trait measures converged to indicate that children with ADHD‐only and ASD + ADHD demonstrated increased MRT, SD‐RT, CV and Tau compared to TDC and ASD‐only. Importantly, greater improvement in MRT, SD‐RT and Tau was demonstrated in ADHD and ASD + ADHD from slow‐baseline to fast‐incentive conditions compared to TDC and ASD‐only. CONCLUSIONS: Slower and more variable RTs are markers of ADHD compared to ASD and typically developing controls during slow and less rewarding conditions. Energetic factors and rewards improve task performance to a greater extent in children with ADHD compared to children with ASD. These findings suggest that RTV can be distinguished in ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD based on the indices of variability used and the conditions in which they are elicited. Further work identifying neural processes underlying increased RTV is warranted, in order to elucidate disorder‐specific and disorder‐convergent aetiological pathways.
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spelling pubmed-51321502016-12-19 Response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD Tye, Charlotte Johnson, Katherine A. Kelly, Simon P. Asherson, Philip Kuntsi, Jonna Ashwood, Karen L. Azadi, Bahare Bolton, Patrick McLoughlin, Gráinne J Child Psychol Psychiatry Original Articles BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show significant behavioural and genetic overlap. Both ADHD and ASD are characterised by poor performance on a range of cognitive tasks. In particular, increased response time variability (RTV) is a promising indicator of risk for both ADHD and ASD. However, it is not clear whether different indices of RTV and changes to RTV according to task conditions are able to discriminate between the two disorders. METHODS: Children with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 26) performed a four‐choice RT task with slow‐baseline and fast‐incentive conditions. Performance was characterised by mean RT (MRT), standard deviation of RT (SD‐RT), coefficient of variation (CV) and ex‐Gaussian distribution measures of Mu, Sigma and Tau. RESULTS: In the slow‐baseline condition, categorical diagnoses and trait measures converged to indicate that children with ADHD‐only and ASD + ADHD demonstrated increased MRT, SD‐RT, CV and Tau compared to TDC and ASD‐only. Importantly, greater improvement in MRT, SD‐RT and Tau was demonstrated in ADHD and ASD + ADHD from slow‐baseline to fast‐incentive conditions compared to TDC and ASD‐only. CONCLUSIONS: Slower and more variable RTs are markers of ADHD compared to ASD and typically developing controls during slow and less rewarding conditions. Energetic factors and rewards improve task performance to a greater extent in children with ADHD compared to children with ASD. These findings suggest that RTV can be distinguished in ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD based on the indices of variability used and the conditions in which they are elicited. Further work identifying neural processes underlying increased RTV is warranted, in order to elucidate disorder‐specific and disorder‐convergent aetiological pathways. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2016-07-28 2016-12 /pmc/articles/PMC5132150/ /pubmed/27465225 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12608 Text en © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Original Articles
Tye, Charlotte
Johnson, Katherine A.
Kelly, Simon P.
Asherson, Philip
Kuntsi, Jonna
Ashwood, Karen L.
Azadi, Bahare
Bolton, Patrick
McLoughlin, Gráinne
Response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD
title Response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD
title_full Response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD
title_fullStr Response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD
title_full_unstemmed Response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD
title_short Response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD
title_sort response time variability under slow and fast‐incentive conditions in children with asd, adhd and asd+adhd
topic Original Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5132150/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27465225
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12608
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