The immunometabolite S-2-hydroxyglutarate regulates CD8(+) T-lymphocyte fate

R-2-hydroxyglutarate accumulates to millimolar levels in cancers with gain-of-function isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 mutations. These levels of R-2-hydroxyglutarate affect 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Both R- and S-2-hydroxyglutarate, the other enantiomer of this metabolite, are detectible in healthy individuals, yet their physiological function remains elusive. Here we show that CD8(+) T-lymphocytes accumulate 2-hydroxyglutarate in response to T-cell receptor triggering. This increases to millimolar levels in physiological oxygen conditions, via a hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha-dependent mechanism. S-2-hydroxyglutarate predominates over R-2-hydroxyglutarate in activated T cells, and we demonstrate alterations in markers of CD8(+) T-lymphocyte differentiation in response to this metabolite. Modulation of histone and DNA demethylation as well as hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha stability mediate these effects. S-2-hydroxyglutarate treatment greatly enhances the in vivo proliferation, persistence and anti-tumour capacity of adoptively transferred CD8(+) T-lymphocytes. Thus S-2-hydroxyglutarate acts as an immunometabolite that links environmental context, via a metabolic-epigenetic axis, to immune fate and function.