Outcomes of Bronchial Artery Embolization for Life-Threatening Hemoptysis in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis

BACKGROUND: Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is an important treatment option for short-term control of hemoptysis in patients with simple aspergilloma (SA). However, there are no data on the outcomes of BAE in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). In this study, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of BAE were investigated and compared in patients with CPA and SA. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 64 patients (55 [86%] with CPA and 9 [14%] with SA) who underwent BAE for life-threatening hemoptysis. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of BAE in CPA patients were compared to those of patients with SA. RESULTS: The most common angiographic abnormality was hypervascularity (n = 60, 94%), followed by contrast extravasation (n = 50, 78%) and systemic-pulmonary shunt (n = 48, 75%), with similar incidence rates in both groups. Immediate success was achieved in 41 (64%) BAE procedures, but it was incomplete in 23 (36%) cases due to difficulty with the approach and/or overuse of contrast medium. Clinical failure of BAE was observed in only one (2%) patient. Complications following BAE were observed in four (6%) patients. Recurrence of hemoptysis was seen in a total of 33 patients (52%) within a median of 2.0 (0.3–10.0) months, and repeat BAE was performed in 25 (76%) of these cases. In comparing the outcomes of patients with CPA and SA, there were no differences in the rates of success of initial BAE, incomplete embolization, or clinical failure in the two groups. However, recurrence of hemoptysis tended to be higher in patients with CPA (55%) than in those with SA (33%). In addition, antifungal medications following BAE were more commonly prescribed in the CPA group (56%) compared to the SA group (0%). CONCLUSIONS: BAE was a safe and effective procedure for the management of life-threatening hemoptysis in patients with CPA. However, recurrence of hemoptysis was common, especially in patients with CPA. Therefore, definitive treatment for CPA following successful BAE should be considered to ensure the long-term success of the embolization in these patients.