Advances in rare cell isolation: an optimization and evaluation study

BACKGROUND: Rare nucleated CD45 negative cells in peripheral blood may be malignant such as circulating tumor cells. Untouched isolation thereof by depletion of normal is favored yet still technological challenging. We optimized and evaluated a novel magnetic bead-based negative selection approach for enhanced enrichment of rare peripheral blood nucleated CD45 negative cells and investigated the problem of rare cell contamination during phlebotomy. METHODS: Firstly, the performance of the magnetic cell separation system was assessed using leukocytes and cultivated fibroblast cells in regard to depletion efficiency and the loss of cells of interest. Secondly, a negative selection assay was optimized for high performance, simplicity and cost efficiency. The negative selection assay consisted of; a RBC lysis step, two depletion cycles comprising direct magnetically labelling of leukocytes using anti-CD45 magnetic beads followed by magnetic capture of leukocytes using a duopole permanent magnet. Thirdly, assay evaluation was aligned to conditions of rare cell frequencies and comprised cell spike recovery, cell viability and proliferation, and CD45 negative cell detection. Additionally, the problem of CD45 negative cell contamination during phlebotomy was investigated. RESULTS: The depletion factor and recovery of the negative selection assay measured at most 1600-fold and 96%, respectively, leaving at best 1.5 × 10(4) leukocytes unseparated and took 35 min. The cell viability was negatively affected by chemical RBC lysis. Proliferation of 100 spiked ovarian cancer cells in culture measured 37% against a positive control. Healthy donor testing revealed findings of nucleated CD45 negative cells ranging from 1 to 22 cells /2.5 × 10(7) leukocytes or 3.5 mL whole blood in 89% (23/26) of the samples. CONCLUSION: Our assay facilitates high performance at shortest assay time. The enrichment assay itself causes minor harm to cells and allows proliferation. Our findings suggest that rare cell contamination is unavoidable. An unexpected high variety of CD45 negative cells have been detected. It is hypothesized that a rare cell profile may translate into tumor marker independent screening.