Practical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: an update

Ecdysteroids are widely used as inducers for gene-switch systems based on insect ecdysteroid receptors and genes of interest placed under the control of ecdysteroid-response elements. We review here these systems, which are currently mainly used in vitro with cultured cells in order to analyse the role of a wide array of genes, but which are expected to represent the basis for future gene therapy strategies. Such developments raise several questions, which are addressed in detail. First, the metabolic fate of ecdysteroids in mammals, including humans, is only poorly known, and the rapid catabolism of ecdysteroids may impede their use as in vivo inducers. A second set of questions arose in fact much earlier with the pioneering “heterophylic” studies of Burdette in the early sixties on the pharmacological effects of ecdysteroids on mammals. These and subsequent studies showed a wide range of effects, most of them being beneficial for the organism (e.g. hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic, anabolic). These effects are reviewed and critically analysed, and some hypotheses are proposed to explain the putative mechanisms involved. All of these pharmacological effects have led to the development of a wide array of ecdysteroid-containing preparations, which are primarily used for their anabolic and/or “adaptogenic” properties on humans (or horses or dogs). In the same way, increasing numbers of patents have been deposited concerning various beneficial effects of ecdysteroids in many medical or cosmetic domains, which make ecdysteroids very attractive candidates for several practical uses. It may be questioned whether all these pharmacological actions are compatible with the development of ecdysteroid-inducible gene switches for gene therapy, and also if ecdysteroids should be classified among doping substances. Abbreviation: / 20E: 20-hydroxyecdysone 2d20E: 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone 2dE: 2-deoxyecdysone BAH: bisacylhydrazine BmEcR: Bombyx mori EcR CfEcR: Choristoneura fumiferana EcR CfUSP: Choristoneura fumiferana USP CHO: Chinese hamster ovary CMV: cytomegalovirus DBD: DNA-binding domain DmEcR: Drosophila melanogaster EcR AbbE: ecdysone EcR: ecdysteroid receptor EcRE: ecdysteroid response element EHT: effective half-time ERE: oestrogen response element GR: glucocorticoid receptor GRE: glucocorticoid response element HEK: human embryonic kidney HvEcR: Heliothis virescens EcR LBD: ligand binding domain murA: muristerone A PKA: protein kinase A polB: polypodine B ponA: ponasterone A PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor RAR: retinoic acid receptor RXR: retinoid X receptor TR: thyroid receptor USP: ultraspiracle VDR: vitamin D receptor VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor