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Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity

Noroviruses are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Their RNA genomes are diverse, with two major genogroups (GI and GII) comprised of at least 28 genotypes associated with human disease. To elucidate mechanisms underlying norovirus diversity and evolution, we used a lar...

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Autores principales: Parra, Gabriel I., Squires, R. Burke, Karangwa, Consolee K., Johnson, Jordan A., Lepore, Cara J., Sosnovtsev, Stanislav V., Green, Kim Y.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5283768/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28103318
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006136
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author Parra, Gabriel I.
Squires, R. Burke
Karangwa, Consolee K.
Johnson, Jordan A.
Lepore, Cara J.
Sosnovtsev, Stanislav V.
Green, Kim Y.
author_facet Parra, Gabriel I.
Squires, R. Burke
Karangwa, Consolee K.
Johnson, Jordan A.
Lepore, Cara J.
Sosnovtsev, Stanislav V.
Green, Kim Y.
author_sort Parra, Gabriel I.
collection PubMed
description Noroviruses are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Their RNA genomes are diverse, with two major genogroups (GI and GII) comprised of at least 28 genotypes associated with human disease. To elucidate mechanisms underlying norovirus diversity and evolution, we used a large-scale genomics approach to analyze human norovirus sequences. Comparison of over 2000 nearly full-length ORF2 sequences representing most of the known GI and GII genotypes infecting humans showed a limited number (≤5) of distinct intra-genotypic variants within each genotype, with the exception of GII.4. The non-GII.4 genotypes were comprised of one or more intra-genotypic variants, with each variant containing strains that differed by only a few residues over several decades (remaining “static”) and that have co-circulated with no clear epidemiologic pattern. In contrast, the GII.4 genotype presented the largest number of variants (>10) that have evolved over time with a clear pattern of periodic variant replacement. To expand our understanding of these two patterns of diversification (“static” versus “evolving”), we analyzed using NGS the nearly full-length norovirus genome in healthy individuals infected with GII.4, GII.6 or GII.17 viruses in different outbreak settings. The GII.4 viruses accumulated mutations rapidly within and between hosts, while the GII.6 and GII.17 viruses remained relatively stable, consistent with their diversification patterns. Further analysis of genetic relationships and natural history patterns identified groupings of certain genotypes into larger related clusters designated here as “immunotypes”. We propose that “immunotypes” and their evolutionary patterns influence the prevalence of a particular norovirus genotype in the human population.
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spelling pubmed-52837682017-02-17 Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity Parra, Gabriel I. Squires, R. Burke Karangwa, Consolee K. Johnson, Jordan A. Lepore, Cara J. Sosnovtsev, Stanislav V. Green, Kim Y. PLoS Pathog Research Article Noroviruses are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Their RNA genomes are diverse, with two major genogroups (GI and GII) comprised of at least 28 genotypes associated with human disease. To elucidate mechanisms underlying norovirus diversity and evolution, we used a large-scale genomics approach to analyze human norovirus sequences. Comparison of over 2000 nearly full-length ORF2 sequences representing most of the known GI and GII genotypes infecting humans showed a limited number (≤5) of distinct intra-genotypic variants within each genotype, with the exception of GII.4. The non-GII.4 genotypes were comprised of one or more intra-genotypic variants, with each variant containing strains that differed by only a few residues over several decades (remaining “static”) and that have co-circulated with no clear epidemiologic pattern. In contrast, the GII.4 genotype presented the largest number of variants (>10) that have evolved over time with a clear pattern of periodic variant replacement. To expand our understanding of these two patterns of diversification (“static” versus “evolving”), we analyzed using NGS the nearly full-length norovirus genome in healthy individuals infected with GII.4, GII.6 or GII.17 viruses in different outbreak settings. The GII.4 viruses accumulated mutations rapidly within and between hosts, while the GII.6 and GII.17 viruses remained relatively stable, consistent with their diversification patterns. Further analysis of genetic relationships and natural history patterns identified groupings of certain genotypes into larger related clusters designated here as “immunotypes”. We propose that “immunotypes” and their evolutionary patterns influence the prevalence of a particular norovirus genotype in the human population. Public Library of Science 2017-01-19 /pmc/articles/PMC5283768/ /pubmed/28103318 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006136 Text en https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) public domain dedication.
spellingShingle Research Article
Parra, Gabriel I.
Squires, R. Burke
Karangwa, Consolee K.
Johnson, Jordan A.
Lepore, Cara J.
Sosnovtsev, Stanislav V.
Green, Kim Y.
Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity
title Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity
title_full Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity
title_fullStr Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity
title_full_unstemmed Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity
title_short Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity
title_sort static and evolving norovirus genotypes: implications for epidemiology and immunity
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5283768/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28103318
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006136
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