Ghrelin and hormonal markers under exercise training in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from the Ex‐DHF pilot study

BACKGROUND: Over 50% of patients with symptomatic heart failure (HF) experience HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Exercise training (ET) is effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness and dimensions of quality of life in patients with HFpEF. A systemic pro‐inflammatory state induced by comorbidities as the cause of myocardial structural and functional alterations has been proposed in HFpEF. ET modifies myocardial structure and has been related to inflammatory state. We investigated Ghrelin, related adipokines, markers of inflammation, and neuro‐hormonal activation in patients undergoing a structured ET vs. usual care are with HFpEF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ex‐DHF‐P was a prospective, controlled, randomized multi‐centre trial on structured and supervised ET in patients with HFpEF. We performed a post hoc analysis in 62 patients from Ex‐DHF‐P. Ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, IL‐1ß, IL‐6, IL‐10, tumour necrosis factor‐alpha, MR‐proANP, MR‐proADM, CT‐proET1, and CT‐proAVP were assessed to seize the impact of ET on these markers in patients with HFpEF. Thirty‐six (58%) patients were female, mean age was 64 years, and median ghrelin was 928 pg/mL (interquartile range 755–1156). When stratified for high versus low ghrelin, groups significantly differed at baseline in presence obesity, waist circumference, and adiponectin levels (P < 0.05, respectively). Overall, ghrelin levels rose significantly to 1013 pg/mL (interquartile range 813–1182) (P < 0.001). Analysis of covariance modelling for change in ghrelin identified ET (P = 0.013) and higher baseline adiponectin levels (P = 0.035) as influencing factors. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training tended to increase ghrelin levels in Ex‐DHF‐P. This increase was especially pronounced in patients with higher baseline adiponectin levels. Future trials are needed to investigate the effect of ET on endogenous ghrelin levels in regard to interactions with cardiac structure and clinically meaningful surrogate parameters.