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Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review
Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites we...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5306312/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27696160 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7727-5 |
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author | Trawiński, Jakub Skibiński, Robert |
author_facet | Trawiński, Jakub Skibiński, Robert |
author_sort | Trawiński, Jakub |
collection | PubMed |
description | Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC–MS, GC–MS, and LC–NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5306312 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-53063122017-02-27 Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review Trawiński, Jakub Skibiński, Robert Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Review Article Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC–MS, GC–MS, and LC–NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2016-09-30 2017 /pmc/articles/PMC5306312/ /pubmed/27696160 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7727-5 Text en © The Author(s) 2016 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Trawiński, Jakub Skibiński, Robert Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review |
title | Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review |
title_full | Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review |
title_fullStr | Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review |
title_full_unstemmed | Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review |
title_short | Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review |
title_sort | studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5306312/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27696160 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7727-5 |
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