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Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is c...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: David, Iulia Gabriela, Popa, Dana-Elena, Buleandra, Mihaela
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5307002/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28255500
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1905968
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author David, Iulia Gabriela
Popa, Dana-Elena
Buleandra, Mihaela
author_facet David, Iulia Gabriela
Popa, Dana-Elena
Buleandra, Mihaela
author_sort David, Iulia Gabriela
collection PubMed
description Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed.
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spelling pubmed-53070022017-03-02 Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis David, Iulia Gabriela Popa, Dana-Elena Buleandra, Mihaela J Anal Methods Chem Review Article Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2017 2017-01-31 /pmc/articles/PMC5307002/ /pubmed/28255500 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1905968 Text en Copyright © 2017 Iulia Gabriela David et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
David, Iulia Gabriela
Popa, Dana-Elena
Buleandra, Mihaela
Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis
title Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis
title_full Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis
title_fullStr Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis
title_full_unstemmed Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis
title_short Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis
title_sort pencil graphite electrodes: a versatile tool in electroanalysis
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5307002/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28255500
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1905968
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