The impact of surgical timing on visual outcome in pituitary apoplexy: Literature review and case illustration

BACKGROUND: Neuro-ophthalmologic signs are common clinical manifestations of pituitary apoplexy. Managing sudden visual loss is critical for achieving a good outcome. The timing of pituitary surgery remains controversial. In fact, various points of view have been reported in the literature. METHODS: We reviewed the impact of surgical intervention timing on visual outcome. The surgical intervention time was classified as urgent, early, intermediate, and late interventions based on the literature review. We report a case of a 40-year-old male patient who presented with headache and sudden visual loss for 3 days. He was diagnosed with pituitary apoplexy and had transnasal-transsphenoidal resection. Three days later, he achieved a complete recovery of his vision. RESULTS: This paper is an addition to several studies that favor early surgical decompression of pituitary fossa for apoplexy cases with severe neuro-ophthalmologic involvement. There is an increasing trend for early surgical intervention for pituitary apoplexy in the literature, especially for severe visual deterioration. CONCLUSION: The visual outcome appears to be better in early intervention as compared to late. Nevertheless, good visual recovery is also seen in late surgical intervention.