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Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats
BACKGROUND: Stress is an inevitable part of life, and maternal stress during the gestational period has dramatic effects in the early programming of the physiology and behavior of offspring. The developmental period is crucial for the well-being of the offspring. Prenatal stress influences the devel...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5319666/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28222133 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171089 |
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author | Govindaraj, Sakthivel Shanmuganathan, Annadurai Rajan, Ravindran |
author_facet | Govindaraj, Sakthivel Shanmuganathan, Annadurai Rajan, Ravindran |
author_sort | Govindaraj, Sakthivel |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Stress is an inevitable part of life, and maternal stress during the gestational period has dramatic effects in the early programming of the physiology and behavior of offspring. The developmental period is crucial for the well-being of the offspring. Prenatal stress influences the developmental outcomes of the fetus, in part because the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to stress. The etiology of birth defects of the offspring is reported to be 30–40% genetic and 7–10% multifactorial, with the remaining 50% still unknown and also there is no clear cause for neonatal mortality and still-birth. OBJECTIVE: The present study explores the association of maternal psychological stress on mother and the offspring’s incidence of birth defects, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant animals were restrained to induce psychological stress (3 times per day, 45 minutes per session). Except control group, other animals were exposed to restraint stress during the gestational period: early gestational stress (EGS, stress exposure during 1(st) day to 10(th) days of gestational period), late gestational stress (LGS, stress exposure during 11(th) day to till parturition), and full term gestational stress (FGS, stress exposure to the whole gestational period). The effects of maternal stress on the mother and their offspring were analyzed. RESULTS: Expectant female rats exposed to stress by physical restraint showed decreased body weight gain, food intake, and fecal pellet levels. Specifically, the offspring of female rats subjected to late gestational and full term gestational restraint stress showed more deleterious effects, such as physical impairment (LGS 24.44%, FGS 10%), neonatal mortality (EGS 2.56%, LGS 24.44%, FGS 17.5%), stillbirths (FGS 27.5%), low birth weight (EGS 5.42g, LGS 4.40g, FGS 4.12g), preterm births (EGS 539 Hrs, LGS 514 Hrs, FGS 520.6 Hrs), and delayed eyelid opening (EGS 15.16 Days, LGS 17 Days, FGS 17.67 Days). CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal that maternal stress may be associated with the offspring’s abnormal structural phenotyping, preterm birth, stillbirth and neonatal mortality. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5319666 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-53196662017-03-03 Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats Govindaraj, Sakthivel Shanmuganathan, Annadurai Rajan, Ravindran PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: Stress is an inevitable part of life, and maternal stress during the gestational period has dramatic effects in the early programming of the physiology and behavior of offspring. The developmental period is crucial for the well-being of the offspring. Prenatal stress influences the developmental outcomes of the fetus, in part because the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to stress. The etiology of birth defects of the offspring is reported to be 30–40% genetic and 7–10% multifactorial, with the remaining 50% still unknown and also there is no clear cause for neonatal mortality and still-birth. OBJECTIVE: The present study explores the association of maternal psychological stress on mother and the offspring’s incidence of birth defects, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant animals were restrained to induce psychological stress (3 times per day, 45 minutes per session). Except control group, other animals were exposed to restraint stress during the gestational period: early gestational stress (EGS, stress exposure during 1(st) day to 10(th) days of gestational period), late gestational stress (LGS, stress exposure during 11(th) day to till parturition), and full term gestational stress (FGS, stress exposure to the whole gestational period). The effects of maternal stress on the mother and their offspring were analyzed. RESULTS: Expectant female rats exposed to stress by physical restraint showed decreased body weight gain, food intake, and fecal pellet levels. Specifically, the offspring of female rats subjected to late gestational and full term gestational restraint stress showed more deleterious effects, such as physical impairment (LGS 24.44%, FGS 10%), neonatal mortality (EGS 2.56%, LGS 24.44%, FGS 17.5%), stillbirths (FGS 27.5%), low birth weight (EGS 5.42g, LGS 4.40g, FGS 4.12g), preterm births (EGS 539 Hrs, LGS 514 Hrs, FGS 520.6 Hrs), and delayed eyelid opening (EGS 15.16 Days, LGS 17 Days, FGS 17.67 Days). CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal that maternal stress may be associated with the offspring’s abnormal structural phenotyping, preterm birth, stillbirth and neonatal mortality. Public Library of Science 2017-02-21 /pmc/articles/PMC5319666/ /pubmed/28222133 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171089 Text en © 2017 Govindaraj et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Govindaraj, Sakthivel Shanmuganathan, Annadurai Rajan, Ravindran Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats |
title | Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats |
title_full | Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats |
title_fullStr | Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats |
title_full_unstemmed | Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats |
title_short | Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats |
title_sort | maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of wistar albino rats |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5319666/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28222133 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171089 |
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