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Historical Trends in PM(2.5)-Related Premature Mortality during 1990–2010 across the Northern Hemisphere

BACKGROUND: Air quality across the northern hemisphere over the past two decades has witnessed dramatic changes, with continuous improvement in developed countries in North America and Europe, but a contrasting sharp deterioration in developing regions of Asia. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the...

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Autores principales: Wang, Jiandong, Xing, Jia, Mathur, Rohit, Pleim, Jonathan E., Wang, Shuxiao, Hogrefe, Christian, Gan, Chuen-Meei, Wong, David C., Hao, Jiming
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5332185/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27539607
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP298
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author Wang, Jiandong
Xing, Jia
Mathur, Rohit
Pleim, Jonathan E.
Wang, Shuxiao
Hogrefe, Christian
Gan, Chuen-Meei
Wong, David C.
Hao, Jiming
author_facet Wang, Jiandong
Xing, Jia
Mathur, Rohit
Pleim, Jonathan E.
Wang, Shuxiao
Hogrefe, Christian
Gan, Chuen-Meei
Wong, David C.
Hao, Jiming
author_sort Wang, Jiandong
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Air quality across the northern hemisphere over the past two decades has witnessed dramatic changes, with continuous improvement in developed countries in North America and Europe, but a contrasting sharp deterioration in developing regions of Asia. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the historical trend in the long-term exposure to PM(2.5) and PM(2.5)-related premature mortality (PM(2.5)-mortality) and its response to changes in emission that occurred during 1990–2010 across the northern hemisphere. Implications for future trends in human exposure to air pollution in both developed and developing regions of the world are discussed. METHODS: We employed the integrated exposure–response model developed by Health Effects Institute to estimate the PM(2.5)-mortality. The 1990–2010 annual average PM(2.5) concentrations were obtained from the simulations using the WRF-CMAQ model. Emission mitigation efficiencies of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), ammonia (NH(3)), and primary PM are estimated from the PM(2.5)-mortality responses to the emission variations. RESULTS: Estimated PM(2.5)-mortalities in East Asia and South Asia increased by 21% and 85% respectively, from 866,000 and 578,000 in 1990, to 1,048,000 and 1,068,000 in 2010. PM(2.5)-mortalities in developed regions (i.e., Europe and high-income North America) decreased substantially by 67% and 58% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Over the past two decades, correlations between population and PM(2.5) have become weaker in Europe and North America due to air pollution controls but stronger in East Asia due to deteriorating air quality. Mitigation of primary PM appears to be the most efficient way for increasing health benefits (i.e., providing the largest mortality reduction per unit emissions). However, reductions in emissions of NH(3) are needed to maximize the effectiveness of NO(x) emission controls. CITATION: Wang J, Xing J, Mathur R, Pleim JE, Wang S, Hogrefe C, Gan CM, Wong DC, Hao J. 2017. Historical trends in PM(2.5)-related premature mortality during 1990–2010 across the northern hemisphere. Environ Health Perspect 125:400–408; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP298
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spelling pubmed-53321852017-03-15 Historical Trends in PM(2.5)-Related Premature Mortality during 1990–2010 across the Northern Hemisphere Wang, Jiandong Xing, Jia Mathur, Rohit Pleim, Jonathan E. Wang, Shuxiao Hogrefe, Christian Gan, Chuen-Meei Wong, David C. Hao, Jiming Environ Health Perspect Research BACKGROUND: Air quality across the northern hemisphere over the past two decades has witnessed dramatic changes, with continuous improvement in developed countries in North America and Europe, but a contrasting sharp deterioration in developing regions of Asia. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the historical trend in the long-term exposure to PM(2.5) and PM(2.5)-related premature mortality (PM(2.5)-mortality) and its response to changes in emission that occurred during 1990–2010 across the northern hemisphere. Implications for future trends in human exposure to air pollution in both developed and developing regions of the world are discussed. METHODS: We employed the integrated exposure–response model developed by Health Effects Institute to estimate the PM(2.5)-mortality. The 1990–2010 annual average PM(2.5) concentrations were obtained from the simulations using the WRF-CMAQ model. Emission mitigation efficiencies of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), ammonia (NH(3)), and primary PM are estimated from the PM(2.5)-mortality responses to the emission variations. RESULTS: Estimated PM(2.5)-mortalities in East Asia and South Asia increased by 21% and 85% respectively, from 866,000 and 578,000 in 1990, to 1,048,000 and 1,068,000 in 2010. PM(2.5)-mortalities in developed regions (i.e., Europe and high-income North America) decreased substantially by 67% and 58% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Over the past two decades, correlations between population and PM(2.5) have become weaker in Europe and North America due to air pollution controls but stronger in East Asia due to deteriorating air quality. Mitigation of primary PM appears to be the most efficient way for increasing health benefits (i.e., providing the largest mortality reduction per unit emissions). However, reductions in emissions of NH(3) are needed to maximize the effectiveness of NO(x) emission controls. CITATION: Wang J, Xing J, Mathur R, Pleim JE, Wang S, Hogrefe C, Gan CM, Wong DC, Hao J. 2017. Historical trends in PM(2.5)-related premature mortality during 1990–2010 across the northern hemisphere. Environ Health Perspect 125:400–408; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP298 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2016-08-19 2017-03 /pmc/articles/PMC5332185/ /pubmed/27539607 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP298 Text en http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, “Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives”); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright.
spellingShingle Research
Wang, Jiandong
Xing, Jia
Mathur, Rohit
Pleim, Jonathan E.
Wang, Shuxiao
Hogrefe, Christian
Gan, Chuen-Meei
Wong, David C.
Hao, Jiming
Historical Trends in PM(2.5)-Related Premature Mortality during 1990–2010 across the Northern Hemisphere
title Historical Trends in PM(2.5)-Related Premature Mortality during 1990–2010 across the Northern Hemisphere
title_full Historical Trends in PM(2.5)-Related Premature Mortality during 1990–2010 across the Northern Hemisphere
title_fullStr Historical Trends in PM(2.5)-Related Premature Mortality during 1990–2010 across the Northern Hemisphere
title_full_unstemmed Historical Trends in PM(2.5)-Related Premature Mortality during 1990–2010 across the Northern Hemisphere
title_short Historical Trends in PM(2.5)-Related Premature Mortality during 1990–2010 across the Northern Hemisphere
title_sort historical trends in pm(2.5)-related premature mortality during 1990–2010 across the northern hemisphere
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5332185/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27539607
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP298
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