Estimating State-Specific Contributions to PM(2.5)- and O(3)-Related Health Burden from Residential Combustion and Electricity Generating Unit Emissions in the United States

BACKGROUND: Residential combustion (RC) and electricity generating unit (EGU) emissions adversely impact air quality and human health by increasing ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and ozone (O(3)). Studies to date have not isolated contributing emissions by state of origin (source-state), which is necessary for policy makers to determine efficient strategies to decrease health impacts. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to estimate health impacts (premature mortalities) attributable to PM(2.5) and O(3) from RC and EGU emissions by precursor species, source sector, and source-state in the continental United States for 2005. METHODS: We used the Community Multiscale Air Quality model employing the decoupled direct method to quantify changes in air quality and epidemiological evidence to determine concentration–response functions to calculate associated health impacts. RESULTS: We estimated 21,000 premature mortalities per year from EGU emissions, driven by sulfur dioxide emissions forming PM(2.5). More than half of EGU health impacts are attributable to emissions from eight states with significant coal combustion and large downwind populations. We estimate 10,000 premature mortalities per year from RC emissions, driven by primary PM(2.5) emissions. States with large populations and significant residential wood combustion dominate RC health impacts. Annual mortality risk per thousand tons of precursor emissions (health damage functions) varied significantly across source-states for both source sectors and all precursor pollutants. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reinforce the importance of pollutant-specific, location-specific, and source-specific models of health impacts in design of health-risk minimizing emissions control policies. CITATION: Penn SL, Arunachalam S, Woody M, Heiger-Bernays W, Tripodis Y, Levy JI. 2017. Estimating state-specific contributions to PM(2.5)- and O(3)-related health burden from residential combustion and electricity generating unit emissions in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 125:324–332; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP550