Simulated microgravity potentiates generation of reactive oxygen species in cells

Microgravity (MG) and space radiation are two major environmental factors of space environment. Ionizing radiation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which plays a key role in radiation-induced DNA damage. Interestingly, simulated microgravity (SMG) also increases ROS production in various cell types. Thus, it is important to detect whether SMG could potentiate ROS production induced by genotoxins including radiation, especially at a minimal level not sufficient to induce detectable ROS. In this study, we treated mouse embryonic stem (MES) cells with H(2)O(2) and SMG for 24 h. The concentration of H(2)O(2) used was within 30 μmol/L at which intracellular ROS was the same as that in untreated cells. Exposure of cells to SMG for 24 h did not induce significantly higher levels of intracellular ROS than that of control cells either. Simultaneous exposure of cells to both SMG- and H(2)O(2)-induced ROS and apoptosis in MES cells. Although incubation in medium containing 5 or 30 μmol/L H(2)O(2) induced a small enhancement of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the addition of SMG treatment dramatically increased DSB levels. Taken together, SMG can significantly potentiate the effects of H(2)O(2) at a low concentration that induce a small or negligible change in cells on ROS, apoptosis, and DNA damage. The results were discussed in relation to the combined effects of space radiation and MG on human body in this study.