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The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype
With the exception of a few Mendelian traits, almost all phenotypes (traits) in livestock science are quantitative or complex traits regulated by the expression of many genes. For most of the complex traits, differential expression of genes, rather than genomic variation in the gene coding sequences...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5344004/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28241430 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020472 |
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author | te Pas, Marinus F. W. Madsen, Ole Calus, Mario P. L. Smits, Mari A. |
author_facet | te Pas, Marinus F. W. Madsen, Ole Calus, Mario P. L. Smits, Mari A. |
author_sort | te Pas, Marinus F. W. |
collection | PubMed |
description | With the exception of a few Mendelian traits, almost all phenotypes (traits) in livestock science are quantitative or complex traits regulated by the expression of many genes. For most of the complex traits, differential expression of genes, rather than genomic variation in the gene coding sequences, is associated with the genotype of a trait. The expression profiles of the animal’s transcriptome, proteome and metabolome represent endophenotypes that influence/regulate the externally-observed phenotype. These expression profiles are generated by interactions between the animal’s genome and its environment that range from the cellular, up to the husbandry environment. Thus, understanding complex traits requires knowledge about not only genomic variation, but also environmental effects that affect genome expression. Gene products act together in physiological pathways and interaction networks (of pathways). Due to the lack of annotation of the functional genome and ontologies of genes, our knowledge about the various biological systems that contribute to the development of external phenotypes is sparse. Furthermore, interaction with the animals’ microbiome, especially in the gut, greatly influences the external phenotype. We conclude that a detailed understanding of complex traits requires not only understanding of variation in the genome, but also its expression at all functional levels. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5344004 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-53440042017-03-16 The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype te Pas, Marinus F. W. Madsen, Ole Calus, Mario P. L. Smits, Mari A. Int J Mol Sci Review With the exception of a few Mendelian traits, almost all phenotypes (traits) in livestock science are quantitative or complex traits regulated by the expression of many genes. For most of the complex traits, differential expression of genes, rather than genomic variation in the gene coding sequences, is associated with the genotype of a trait. The expression profiles of the animal’s transcriptome, proteome and metabolome represent endophenotypes that influence/regulate the externally-observed phenotype. These expression profiles are generated by interactions between the animal’s genome and its environment that range from the cellular, up to the husbandry environment. Thus, understanding complex traits requires knowledge about not only genomic variation, but also environmental effects that affect genome expression. Gene products act together in physiological pathways and interaction networks (of pathways). Due to the lack of annotation of the functional genome and ontologies of genes, our knowledge about the various biological systems that contribute to the development of external phenotypes is sparse. Furthermore, interaction with the animals’ microbiome, especially in the gut, greatly influences the external phenotype. We conclude that a detailed understanding of complex traits requires not only understanding of variation in the genome, but also its expression at all functional levels. MDPI 2017-02-22 /pmc/articles/PMC5344004/ /pubmed/28241430 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020472 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review te Pas, Marinus F. W. Madsen, Ole Calus, Mario P. L. Smits, Mari A. The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype |
title | The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype |
title_full | The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype |
title_fullStr | The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype |
title_full_unstemmed | The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype |
title_short | The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype |
title_sort | importance of endophenotypes to evaluate the relationship between genotype and external phenotype |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5344004/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28241430 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020472 |
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