Health risk of inhalation exposure to sub-10 µm particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in an urban-industrial area in South Africa: an ecological study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the health risks associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM(10)), sulphur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O(3)). DESIGN: The study is an ecological study that used the year 2014 hourly ambient pollution data. SETTING: The study was conducted in an industrial area located in Pretoria West, South Africa. The area accommodates a coal-fired power station, metallurgical industries such as a coke plant and a manganese smelter. DATA AND METHOD: Estimate of possible health risks from exposure to airborne PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), CO and O(3) was performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency human health risk assessment framework. A scenario-assessment approach where normal (average exposure) and worst-case (continuous exposure) scenarios were developed for intermediate (24-hour) and chronic (annual) exposure periods for different exposure groups (infants, children, adults). The normal acute (1-hour) exposure to these pollutants was also determined. OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence or absence of adverse health effects from exposure to airborne pollutants. RESULTS: Average annual ambient concentration of PM(10), NO(2) and SO(2) recorded was 48.3±43.4, 11.50±11.6 and 18.68±25.4 µg/m(3), respectively, whereas the South African National Ambient Air Quality recommended 40, 40 and 50 µg/m(3) for PM(10), NO(2) and SO(2), respectively. Exposure to an hour's concentration of NO(2), SO(2), CO and O(3), an 8-hour concentration of CO and O(3), and a 24-hour concentration of PM(10), NO(2) and SO(2) will not likely produce adverse effects to sensitive exposed groups. However, infants and children, rather than adults, are more likely to be affected. Moreover, for chronic annual exposure, PM(10), NO(2) and SO(2) posed a health risk to sensitive individuals, with the severity of risk varying across exposed groups. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term chronic exposure to airborne PM(10), NO(2) and SO(2) pollutants may result in health risks among the study population.