Midazolam anesthesia protects neuronal cells from oxidative stress-induced death via activation of the JNK-ERK pathway

Midazolam is an anesthetic agent commonly used during clinical and surgical procedures, which has been shown to exert ROS-suppressing and apoptosis-modulating pharmacological activities in various cellular systems. However, the effects of midazolam on oxidative stress in neuronal cells require elucidation. The present study investigated the effects of midazolam on buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)- and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress in primary cortical neuronal cells. In addition, the effects of midazolam on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and on ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the brains of neonatal mice were determined. Subsequently, cell viability was detected using the MTT assay; intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined using the 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate method with confocal microscopy; terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was conducted to detect apoptotic cells; immunohistochemistry was performed to detect activated caspase-3; neuronal deficit and infarct volume analyses were conducted; and quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to detect the expression levels of genes and proteins associated with apoptosis and cell survival pathways. The results demonstrated that BSO (10 mM) and H(2)O(2) (1 mM) suppressed proliferation of cortical neuronal cells by inducing apoptosis. These effects were suppressed following treatment with midazolam in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, BSO and H(2)O(2) induced ROS generation in neuronal cells; however, this was effectively suppressed by midazolam (100 µM). Beneficial synergistic effects were detected when midazolam was used in combination with the known antioxidant trolox. BSO and H(2)O(2) also suppressed the protein expression levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), phosphorylated (p)JNK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, pERK1/2, AKT and nuclear factor-κB; however, expression was recovered following treatment with midazolam. Midazolam also activated protein kinase C-ε, which was suppressed by BSO, in cortical neuronal cells. In MCAO mice, midazolam post-conditioning significantly suppressed infarct size and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells. In addition, the expression levels of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. In neonatal mice, midazolam reduced ethanol-induced activated caspase-3 staining and apoptotic TUNEL staining. The results of the present study demonstrated that midazolam may protect against neuronal degeneration and neuroapoptosis induced by physiological and oxidative stress.