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Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to the presence of motor deficiencies, including balance deficits. The cerebellum serves as an integrative structure for balance control and is also involved in cognition, including timing and anticipatory regulation. Cerebellar d...

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Autores principales: Goetz, Michal, Schwabova, Jaroslava Paulasova, Hlavka, Zdenek, Ptacek, Radek, Surman, Craig BH
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Dove Medical Press 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5367596/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28356743
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S125169
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author Goetz, Michal
Schwabova, Jaroslava Paulasova
Hlavka, Zdenek
Ptacek, Radek
Surman, Craig BH
author_facet Goetz, Michal
Schwabova, Jaroslava Paulasova
Hlavka, Zdenek
Ptacek, Radek
Surman, Craig BH
author_sort Goetz, Michal
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to the presence of motor deficiencies, including balance deficits. The cerebellum serves as an integrative structure for balance control and is also involved in cognition, including timing and anticipatory regulation. Cerebellar development may be delayed in children and adolescents with ADHD, and inconsistent reaction time is commonly seen in ADHD. We hypothesized that dynamic balance deficits would be present in children with ADHD and they would correlate with attention and cerebellar functions. METHODS: Sixty-two children with ADHD and no other neurological conditions and 62 typically developing (TD) children were examined with five trials of the Phyaction Balance Board, an electronic balancing platform. Cerebellar clinical symptoms were evaluated using an international ataxia rating scale. Conners’ Continuous Performance Test was used to evaluate patterns of reaction. RESULTS: Children with ADHD had poorer performance on balancing tasks, compared to TD children (P<0.001). They exhibited significantly greater sway amplitudes than TD children (P<0.001) in all of the five balancing trials. The effect size of the difference between the groups increased continuously from the first to the last trial. Balance score in both groups was related to the variation in the reaction time, including reaction time standard error (r =0.25; P=0.0409, respectively, r =0.31; P=0.0131) and Variability of Standard Error (r =0.28; P=0.0252, respectively, r =0.41; P<0.001). The burden of cerebellar symptoms was strongly related to balance performance in both groups (r =0.50, P<0.001; r =0.49, P=0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that ADHD may be associated with poor dynamic balance control. Furthermore, we showed that maintaining balance correlates with neuropsychological measures of consistency of reaction time. Balance deficits and impaired cognitive functioning could reflect a common cerebellar dysfunction in ADHD children.
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spelling pubmed-53675962017-03-29 Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum Goetz, Michal Schwabova, Jaroslava Paulasova Hlavka, Zdenek Ptacek, Radek Surman, Craig BH Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat Original Research BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to the presence of motor deficiencies, including balance deficits. The cerebellum serves as an integrative structure for balance control and is also involved in cognition, including timing and anticipatory regulation. Cerebellar development may be delayed in children and adolescents with ADHD, and inconsistent reaction time is commonly seen in ADHD. We hypothesized that dynamic balance deficits would be present in children with ADHD and they would correlate with attention and cerebellar functions. METHODS: Sixty-two children with ADHD and no other neurological conditions and 62 typically developing (TD) children were examined with five trials of the Phyaction Balance Board, an electronic balancing platform. Cerebellar clinical symptoms were evaluated using an international ataxia rating scale. Conners’ Continuous Performance Test was used to evaluate patterns of reaction. RESULTS: Children with ADHD had poorer performance on balancing tasks, compared to TD children (P<0.001). They exhibited significantly greater sway amplitudes than TD children (P<0.001) in all of the five balancing trials. The effect size of the difference between the groups increased continuously from the first to the last trial. Balance score in both groups was related to the variation in the reaction time, including reaction time standard error (r =0.25; P=0.0409, respectively, r =0.31; P=0.0131) and Variability of Standard Error (r =0.28; P=0.0252, respectively, r =0.41; P<0.001). The burden of cerebellar symptoms was strongly related to balance performance in both groups (r =0.50, P<0.001; r =0.49, P=0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that ADHD may be associated with poor dynamic balance control. Furthermore, we showed that maintaining balance correlates with neuropsychological measures of consistency of reaction time. Balance deficits and impaired cognitive functioning could reflect a common cerebellar dysfunction in ADHD children. Dove Medical Press 2017-03-21 /pmc/articles/PMC5367596/ /pubmed/28356743 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S125169 Text en © 2017 Goetz et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.
spellingShingle Original Research
Goetz, Michal
Schwabova, Jaroslava Paulasova
Hlavka, Zdenek
Ptacek, Radek
Surman, Craig BH
Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_full Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_fullStr Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_full_unstemmed Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_short Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_sort dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5367596/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28356743
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S125169
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