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Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
In this paper, three opportunistic pressure based routing techniques for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are proposed. The first one is the cooperative opportunistic pressure based routing protocol (Co-Hydrocast), second technique is the improved Hydrocast (improved-Hydrocast), and third...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5375915/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28335494 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17030629 |
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author | Javaid, Nadeem Muhammad, Sher, Arshad Abdul, Wadood Niaz, Iftikhar Azim Almogren, Ahmad Alamri, Atif |
author_facet | Javaid, Nadeem Muhammad, Sher, Arshad Abdul, Wadood Niaz, Iftikhar Azim Almogren, Ahmad Alamri, Atif |
author_sort | Javaid, Nadeem |
collection | PubMed |
description | In this paper, three opportunistic pressure based routing techniques for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are proposed. The first one is the cooperative opportunistic pressure based routing protocol (Co-Hydrocast), second technique is the improved Hydrocast (improved-Hydrocast), and third one is the cooperative improved Hydrocast (Co-improved Hydrocast). In order to minimize lengthy routing paths between the source and the destination and to avoid void holes at the sparse networks, sensor nodes are deployed at different strategic locations. The deployment of sensor nodes at strategic locations assure the maximum monitoring of the network field. To conserve the energy consumption and minimize the number of hops, greedy algorithm is used to transmit data packets from the source to the destination. Moreover, the opportunistic routing is also exploited to avoid void regions by making backward transmissions to find reliable path towards the destination in the network. The relay cooperation mechanism is used for reliable data packet delivery, when signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal is not within the predefined threshold then the maximal ratio combining (MRC) is used as a diversity technique to improve the SNR of the received signals at the destination. Extensive simulations validate that our schemes perform better in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption than the existing technique; Hydrocast. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5375915 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-53759152017-04-10 Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Javaid, Nadeem Muhammad, Sher, Arshad Abdul, Wadood Niaz, Iftikhar Azim Almogren, Ahmad Alamri, Atif Sensors (Basel) Article In this paper, three opportunistic pressure based routing techniques for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are proposed. The first one is the cooperative opportunistic pressure based routing protocol (Co-Hydrocast), second technique is the improved Hydrocast (improved-Hydrocast), and third one is the cooperative improved Hydrocast (Co-improved Hydrocast). In order to minimize lengthy routing paths between the source and the destination and to avoid void holes at the sparse networks, sensor nodes are deployed at different strategic locations. The deployment of sensor nodes at strategic locations assure the maximum monitoring of the network field. To conserve the energy consumption and minimize the number of hops, greedy algorithm is used to transmit data packets from the source to the destination. Moreover, the opportunistic routing is also exploited to avoid void regions by making backward transmissions to find reliable path towards the destination in the network. The relay cooperation mechanism is used for reliable data packet delivery, when signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal is not within the predefined threshold then the maximal ratio combining (MRC) is used as a diversity technique to improve the SNR of the received signals at the destination. Extensive simulations validate that our schemes perform better in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption than the existing technique; Hydrocast. MDPI 2017-03-19 /pmc/articles/PMC5375915/ /pubmed/28335494 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17030629 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Javaid, Nadeem Muhammad, Sher, Arshad Abdul, Wadood Niaz, Iftikhar Azim Almogren, Ahmad Alamri, Atif Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
title | Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_full | Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_fullStr | Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_full_unstemmed | Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_short | Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_sort | cooperative opportunistic pressure based routing for underwater wireless sensor networks |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5375915/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28335494 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17030629 |
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