Absence of physiological Ca(2+) transients is an initial trigger for mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle following denervation

BACKGROUND: Motor neurons control muscle contraction by initiating action potentials in muscle. Denervation of muscle from motor neurons leads to muscle atrophy, which is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It is known that denervation promotes mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in muscle, whereas the initial cause of mitochondrial ROS production in denervated muscle remains elusive. Since denervation isolates muscle from motor neurons and deprives it from any electric stimulation, no action potentials are initiated, and therefore, no physiological Ca(2+) transients are generated inside denervated muscle fibers. We tested whether loss of physiological Ca(2+) transients is an initial cause leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in denervated skeletal muscle. METHODS: A transgenic mouse model expressing a mitochondrial targeted biosensor (mt-cpYFP) allowed a real-time measurement of the ROS-related mitochondrial metabolic function following denervation, termed “mitoflash.” Using live cell imaging, electrophysiological, pharmacological, and biochemical studies, we examined a potential molecular mechanism that initiates ROS-related mitochondrial dysfunction following denervation. RESULTS: We found that muscle fibers showed a fourfold increase in mitoflash activity 24 h after denervation. The denervation-induced mitoflash activity was likely associated with an increased activity of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), as the mitoflash activity was attenuated by application of cyclosporine A. Electrical stimulation rapidly reduced mitoflash activity in both sham and denervated muscle fibers. We further demonstrated that the Ca(2+) level inside mitochondria follows the time course of the cytosolic Ca(2+) transient and that inhibition of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake by Ru360 blocks the effect of electric stimulation on mitoflash activity. CONCLUSIONS: The loss of cytosolic Ca(2+) transients due to denervation results in the downstream absence of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake. Our studies suggest that this could be an initial trigger for enhanced mPTP-related mitochondrial ROS generation in skeletal muscle. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-017-0123-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.