Zooming in: From spatially extended traveling waves to localized structures: The case of the Sine-Gordon equation in (1+3) dimensions

The Sine-Gordon equation in (1+3) dimensions has N-traveling front (“kink”, “domain wall”)- solutions for all N ≥ 1. A nonlinear functional of the solution, which vanishes on a single-front, maps multi-front solutions onto sets of infinitely long, but laterally bounded, rods, which move in space. Each rod is localized in the vicinity of the intersection of two Sine-Gordon fronts. The rod systems are solutions of the linear wave equation, driven by a term that is constructed out of Sine-Gordon fronts. An additional linear operation maps multi-rod systems onto sets of blobs. Each blob is localized in the vicinity of rod intersection, and moves in space. The blob systems are solutions of the linear wave equation, driven by a term that is also constructed out of Sine-Gordon fronts. The temporal evolution of multi-blob solutions mimics elastic collisions of systems of spatially extended particles.