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Forearm Flexor Muscles in Children with Cerebral Palsy Are Weak, Thin and Stiff
Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often develop reduced passive range of motion with age. The determining factor underlying this process is believed to be progressive development of contracture in skeletal muscle that likely changes the biomechanics of the joints. Consequently, to identify the under...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403928/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28487645 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2017.00030 |
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author | von Walden, Ferdinand Jalaleddini, Kian Evertsson, Björn Friberg, Johanna Valero-Cuevas, Francisco J. Pontén, Eva |
author_facet | von Walden, Ferdinand Jalaleddini, Kian Evertsson, Björn Friberg, Johanna Valero-Cuevas, Francisco J. Pontén, Eva |
author_sort | von Walden, Ferdinand |
collection | PubMed |
description | Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often develop reduced passive range of motion with age. The determining factor underlying this process is believed to be progressive development of contracture in skeletal muscle that likely changes the biomechanics of the joints. Consequently, to identify the underlying mechanisms, we modeled the mechanical characteristics of the forearm flexors acting across the wrist joint. We investigated skeletal muscle strength (Grippit®) and passive stiffness and viscosity of the forearm flexors in 15 typically developing (TD) children (10 boys/5 girls, mean age 12 years, range 8–18 yrs) and nine children with CP Nine children (6 boys/3 girls, mean age 11 ± 3 years (yrs), range 7–15 yrs) using the NeuroFlexor® apparatus. The muscle stiffness we estimate and report is the instantaneous mechanical response of the tissue that is independent of reflex activity. Furthermore, we assessed cross-sectional area of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle using ultrasound. Age and body weight did not differ significantly between the two groups. Children with CP had a significantly weaker (−65%, p < 0.01) grip and had smaller cross-sectional area (−43%, p < 0.01) of the FCR muscle. Passive stiffness of the forearm muscles in children with CP was increased 2-fold (p < 0.05) whereas viscosity did not differ significantly between CP and TD children. FCR cross-sectional area correlated to age (R(2) = 0.58, p < 0.01), body weight (R(2) = 0.92, p < 0.0001) and grip strength (R(2) = 0.82, p < 0.0001) in TD children but only to grip strength (R(2) = 0.60, p < 0.05) in children with CP. We conclude that children with CP have weaker, thinner, and stiffer forearm flexors as compared to typically developing children. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5403928 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-54039282017-05-09 Forearm Flexor Muscles in Children with Cerebral Palsy Are Weak, Thin and Stiff von Walden, Ferdinand Jalaleddini, Kian Evertsson, Björn Friberg, Johanna Valero-Cuevas, Francisco J. Pontén, Eva Front Comput Neurosci Neuroscience Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often develop reduced passive range of motion with age. The determining factor underlying this process is believed to be progressive development of contracture in skeletal muscle that likely changes the biomechanics of the joints. Consequently, to identify the underlying mechanisms, we modeled the mechanical characteristics of the forearm flexors acting across the wrist joint. We investigated skeletal muscle strength (Grippit®) and passive stiffness and viscosity of the forearm flexors in 15 typically developing (TD) children (10 boys/5 girls, mean age 12 years, range 8–18 yrs) and nine children with CP Nine children (6 boys/3 girls, mean age 11 ± 3 years (yrs), range 7–15 yrs) using the NeuroFlexor® apparatus. The muscle stiffness we estimate and report is the instantaneous mechanical response of the tissue that is independent of reflex activity. Furthermore, we assessed cross-sectional area of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle using ultrasound. Age and body weight did not differ significantly between the two groups. Children with CP had a significantly weaker (−65%, p < 0.01) grip and had smaller cross-sectional area (−43%, p < 0.01) of the FCR muscle. Passive stiffness of the forearm muscles in children with CP was increased 2-fold (p < 0.05) whereas viscosity did not differ significantly between CP and TD children. FCR cross-sectional area correlated to age (R(2) = 0.58, p < 0.01), body weight (R(2) = 0.92, p < 0.0001) and grip strength (R(2) = 0.82, p < 0.0001) in TD children but only to grip strength (R(2) = 0.60, p < 0.05) in children with CP. We conclude that children with CP have weaker, thinner, and stiffer forearm flexors as compared to typically developing children. Frontiers Media S.A. 2017-04-25 /pmc/articles/PMC5403928/ /pubmed/28487645 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2017.00030 Text en Copyright © 2017 von Walden, Jalaleddini, Evertsson, Friberg, Valero-Cuevas and Pontén. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience von Walden, Ferdinand Jalaleddini, Kian Evertsson, Björn Friberg, Johanna Valero-Cuevas, Francisco J. Pontén, Eva Forearm Flexor Muscles in Children with Cerebral Palsy Are Weak, Thin and Stiff |
title | Forearm Flexor Muscles in Children with Cerebral Palsy Are Weak, Thin and Stiff |
title_full | Forearm Flexor Muscles in Children with Cerebral Palsy Are Weak, Thin and Stiff |
title_fullStr | Forearm Flexor Muscles in Children with Cerebral Palsy Are Weak, Thin and Stiff |
title_full_unstemmed | Forearm Flexor Muscles in Children with Cerebral Palsy Are Weak, Thin and Stiff |
title_short | Forearm Flexor Muscles in Children with Cerebral Palsy Are Weak, Thin and Stiff |
title_sort | forearm flexor muscles in children with cerebral palsy are weak, thin and stiff |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403928/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28487645 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2017.00030 |
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