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Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan

Lead (Pb) in petrol has been banned in developed countries. Despite the control of Pb in petrol since 2001, high levels were reported in the blood of pregnant women and children in Pakistan. However, the identification of sources of Pb has been elusive due to its pervasiveness. In this study, we ass...

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Autores principales: Fatmi, Zafar, Sahito, Ambreen, Ikegami, Akihiko, Mizuno, Atsuko, Cui, Xiaoyi, Mise, Nathan, Takagi, Mai, Kobayashi, Yayoi, Kayama, Fujio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28406467
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040413
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author Fatmi, Zafar
Sahito, Ambreen
Ikegami, Akihiko
Mizuno, Atsuko
Cui, Xiaoyi
Mise, Nathan
Takagi, Mai
Kobayashi, Yayoi
Kayama, Fujio
author_facet Fatmi, Zafar
Sahito, Ambreen
Ikegami, Akihiko
Mizuno, Atsuko
Cui, Xiaoyi
Mise, Nathan
Takagi, Mai
Kobayashi, Yayoi
Kayama, Fujio
author_sort Fatmi, Zafar
collection PubMed
description Lead (Pb) in petrol has been banned in developed countries. Despite the control of Pb in petrol since 2001, high levels were reported in the blood of pregnant women and children in Pakistan. However, the identification of sources of Pb has been elusive due to its pervasiveness. In this study, we assessed the lead intake of pregnant women and one- to three-year-old children from food, water, house dust, respirable dust, and soil. In addition, we completed the fingerprinting of the Pb isotopic ratios (LIR) of petrol and secondary sources (food, house-dust, respirable dust, soil, surma (eye cosmetics)) of exposure within the blood of pregnant women, newborns, and children. Eight families, with high (~50 μg/dL), medium (~20 μg/dL), and low blood levels (~10 μg/dL), were selected from 60 families. The main sources of exposure to lead for children were food and house-dust, and those for pregnant women were soil, respirable dust, and food. LIR was determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) with a two sigma uncertainty of ±0.03%. The LIR of mothers and newborns was similar. In contrast, surma, and to a larger extent petrol, exhibited a negligible contribution to both the child’s and mother’s blood Pb. Household wet-mopping could be effective in reducing Pb exposure. This intake assessment could be replicated for other developing countries to identify sources of lead and the burden of lead exposure in the population.
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spelling pubmed-54096142017-05-03 Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan Fatmi, Zafar Sahito, Ambreen Ikegami, Akihiko Mizuno, Atsuko Cui, Xiaoyi Mise, Nathan Takagi, Mai Kobayashi, Yayoi Kayama, Fujio Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Lead (Pb) in petrol has been banned in developed countries. Despite the control of Pb in petrol since 2001, high levels were reported in the blood of pregnant women and children in Pakistan. However, the identification of sources of Pb has been elusive due to its pervasiveness. In this study, we assessed the lead intake of pregnant women and one- to three-year-old children from food, water, house dust, respirable dust, and soil. In addition, we completed the fingerprinting of the Pb isotopic ratios (LIR) of petrol and secondary sources (food, house-dust, respirable dust, soil, surma (eye cosmetics)) of exposure within the blood of pregnant women, newborns, and children. Eight families, with high (~50 μg/dL), medium (~20 μg/dL), and low blood levels (~10 μg/dL), were selected from 60 families. The main sources of exposure to lead for children were food and house-dust, and those for pregnant women were soil, respirable dust, and food. LIR was determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) with a two sigma uncertainty of ±0.03%. The LIR of mothers and newborns was similar. In contrast, surma, and to a larger extent petrol, exhibited a negligible contribution to both the child’s and mother’s blood Pb. Household wet-mopping could be effective in reducing Pb exposure. This intake assessment could be replicated for other developing countries to identify sources of lead and the burden of lead exposure in the population. MDPI 2017-04-13 2017-04 /pmc/articles/PMC5409614/ /pubmed/28406467 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040413 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Fatmi, Zafar
Sahito, Ambreen
Ikegami, Akihiko
Mizuno, Atsuko
Cui, Xiaoyi
Mise, Nathan
Takagi, Mai
Kobayashi, Yayoi
Kayama, Fujio
Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan
title Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan
title_full Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan
title_fullStr Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan
title_short Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan
title_sort lead exposure assessment among pregnant women, newborns, and children: case study from karachi, pakistan
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28406467
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040413
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