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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Potential New Treatments

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders worldwide. It is associated with clinical states such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, and covers a wide range of liver changes, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatit...

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Autores principales: Kitade, Hironori, Chen, Guanliang, Ni, Yinhua, Ota, Tsuguhito
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409726/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28420094
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9040387
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author Kitade, Hironori
Chen, Guanliang
Ni, Yinhua
Ota, Tsuguhito
author_facet Kitade, Hironori
Chen, Guanliang
Ni, Yinhua
Ota, Tsuguhito
author_sort Kitade, Hironori
collection PubMed
description Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders worldwide. It is associated with clinical states such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, and covers a wide range of liver changes, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic disorders, such as lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and inflammation, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, but the underlying mechanisms, including those that drive disease progression, are not fully understood. Both innate and recruited immune cells mediate the development of insulin resistance and NASH. Therefore, modifying the polarization of resident and recruited macrophage/Kupffer cells is expected to lead to new therapeutic strategies in NAFLD. Oxidative stress is also pivotal for the progression of NASH, which has generated interest in carotenoids as potent micronutrient antioxidants in the treatment of NAFLD. In addition to their antioxidative function, carotenoids regulate macrophage/Kupffer cell polarization and thereby prevent NASH progression. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, including macrophage/Kupffer cell polarization, and disturbed hepatic function in NAFLD. We also discuss dietary antioxidants, such as β-cryptoxanthin and astaxanthin, that may be effective in the prevention or treatment of NAFLD.
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spelling pubmed-54097262017-05-03 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Potential New Treatments Kitade, Hironori Chen, Guanliang Ni, Yinhua Ota, Tsuguhito Nutrients Review Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders worldwide. It is associated with clinical states such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, and covers a wide range of liver changes, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic disorders, such as lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and inflammation, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, but the underlying mechanisms, including those that drive disease progression, are not fully understood. Both innate and recruited immune cells mediate the development of insulin resistance and NASH. Therefore, modifying the polarization of resident and recruited macrophage/Kupffer cells is expected to lead to new therapeutic strategies in NAFLD. Oxidative stress is also pivotal for the progression of NASH, which has generated interest in carotenoids as potent micronutrient antioxidants in the treatment of NAFLD. In addition to their antioxidative function, carotenoids regulate macrophage/Kupffer cell polarization and thereby prevent NASH progression. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, including macrophage/Kupffer cell polarization, and disturbed hepatic function in NAFLD. We also discuss dietary antioxidants, such as β-cryptoxanthin and astaxanthin, that may be effective in the prevention or treatment of NAFLD. MDPI 2017-04-14 /pmc/articles/PMC5409726/ /pubmed/28420094 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9040387 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Kitade, Hironori
Chen, Guanliang
Ni, Yinhua
Ota, Tsuguhito
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Potential New Treatments
title Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Potential New Treatments
title_full Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Potential New Treatments
title_fullStr Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Potential New Treatments
title_full_unstemmed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Potential New Treatments
title_short Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Potential New Treatments
title_sort nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance: new insights and potential new treatments
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409726/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28420094
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9040387
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