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Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review

The large land area requirement of constructed wetlands (CWs) is a major limitation of its application especially in densely populated and mountainous areas. This review paper provides insights on different strategies applied for the reduction of land area including stack design and intensification...

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Autores principales: Ilyas, Huma, Masih, Ilyas
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410209/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283984
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8740-z
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author Ilyas, Huma
Masih, Ilyas
author_facet Ilyas, Huma
Masih, Ilyas
author_sort Ilyas, Huma
collection PubMed
description The large land area requirement of constructed wetlands (CWs) is a major limitation of its application especially in densely populated and mountainous areas. This review paper provides insights on different strategies applied for the reduction of land area including stack design and intensification of CWs with different aeration methods. The impacts of different aeration methods on the performance and land area reduction were extensively and critically evaluated for nine wetland systems under three aeration strategies such as tidal flow (TF), effluent recirculation (ER), and artificial aeration (AA) applied on three types of CWs including vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW), horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW), and hybrid constructed wetland (HCW). The area reduction and pollutant removal efficiency showed substantial variation among different types of CWs and aeration strategies. The ER-VFCW designated the smallest footprint of 1.1 ± 0.5 m(2) PE(−1) (population equivalent) followed by TF-VFCW with the footprint of 2.1 ± 1.8 m(2) PE(−1), and the large footprint was of AA-HFCW (7.8 ± 4.7 m(2) PE(−1)). When footprint and removal efficiency both are the major indicators for the selection of wetland type, the best options for practical application could be TF-VFCW, ER-HCW, and AA-HCW. The data and results outlined in this review could be instructive for futures studies and practical applications of CWs for wastewater treatment, especially in land-limited regions.
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spelling pubmed-54102092017-05-15 Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review Ilyas, Huma Masih, Ilyas Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Review Article The large land area requirement of constructed wetlands (CWs) is a major limitation of its application especially in densely populated and mountainous areas. This review paper provides insights on different strategies applied for the reduction of land area including stack design and intensification of CWs with different aeration methods. The impacts of different aeration methods on the performance and land area reduction were extensively and critically evaluated for nine wetland systems under three aeration strategies such as tidal flow (TF), effluent recirculation (ER), and artificial aeration (AA) applied on three types of CWs including vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW), horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW), and hybrid constructed wetland (HCW). The area reduction and pollutant removal efficiency showed substantial variation among different types of CWs and aeration strategies. The ER-VFCW designated the smallest footprint of 1.1 ± 0.5 m(2) PE(−1) (population equivalent) followed by TF-VFCW with the footprint of 2.1 ± 1.8 m(2) PE(−1), and the large footprint was of AA-HFCW (7.8 ± 4.7 m(2) PE(−1)). When footprint and removal efficiency both are the major indicators for the selection of wetland type, the best options for practical application could be TF-VFCW, ER-HCW, and AA-HCW. The data and results outlined in this review could be instructive for futures studies and practical applications of CWs for wastewater treatment, especially in land-limited regions. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2017-03-11 2017 /pmc/articles/PMC5410209/ /pubmed/28283984 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8740-z Text en © The Author(s) 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
spellingShingle Review Article
Ilyas, Huma
Masih, Ilyas
Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review
title Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review
title_full Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review
title_fullStr Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review
title_full_unstemmed Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review
title_short Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review
title_sort intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410209/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283984
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8740-z
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