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The putative drug efflux systems of the Bacillus cereus group
The Bacillus cereus group of bacteria includes seven closely related species, three of which, B. anthracis, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, are pathogens of humans, animals and/or insects. Preliminary investigations into the transport capabilities of different bacterial lineages suggested that genes...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5417439/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472044 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176188 |
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author | Hassan, Karl A. Fagerlund, Annette Elbourne, Liam D. H. Vörös, Aniko Kroeger, Jasmin K. Simm, Roger Tourasse, Nicolas J. Finke, Sarah Henderson, Peter J. F. Økstad, Ole Andreas Paulsen, Ian T. Kolstø, Anne-Brit |
author_facet | Hassan, Karl A. Fagerlund, Annette Elbourne, Liam D. H. Vörös, Aniko Kroeger, Jasmin K. Simm, Roger Tourasse, Nicolas J. Finke, Sarah Henderson, Peter J. F. Økstad, Ole Andreas Paulsen, Ian T. Kolstø, Anne-Brit |
author_sort | Hassan, Karl A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The Bacillus cereus group of bacteria includes seven closely related species, three of which, B. anthracis, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, are pathogens of humans, animals and/or insects. Preliminary investigations into the transport capabilities of different bacterial lineages suggested that genes encoding putative efflux systems were unusually abundant in the B. cereus group compared to other bacteria. To explore the drug efflux potential of the B. cereus group all putative efflux systems were identified in the genomes of prototypical strains of B. cereus, B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis using our Transporter Automated Annotation Pipeline. More than 90 putative drug efflux systems were found within each of these strains, accounting for up to 2.7% of their protein coding potential. Comparative analyses demonstrated that the efflux systems are highly conserved between these species; 70–80% of the putative efflux pumps were shared between all three strains studied. Furthermore, 82% of the putative efflux system proteins encoded by the prototypical B. cereus strain ATCC 14579 (type strain) were found to be conserved in at least 80% of 169 B. cereus group strains that have high quality genome sequences available. However, only a handful of these efflux pumps have been functionally characterized. Deletion of individual efflux pump genes from B. cereus typically had little impact to drug resistance phenotypes or the general fitness of the strains, possibly because of the large numbers of alternative efflux systems that may have overlapping substrate specificities. Therefore, to gain insight into the possible transport functions of efflux systems in B. cereus, we undertook large-scale qRT-PCR analyses of efflux pump gene expression following drug shocks and other stress treatments. Clustering of gene expression changes identified several groups of similarly regulated systems that may have overlapping drug resistance functions. In this article we review current knowledge of the small molecule efflux pumps encoded by the B. cereus group and suggest the likely functions of numerous uncharacterised pumps. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5417439 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-54174392017-05-14 The putative drug efflux systems of the Bacillus cereus group Hassan, Karl A. Fagerlund, Annette Elbourne, Liam D. H. Vörös, Aniko Kroeger, Jasmin K. Simm, Roger Tourasse, Nicolas J. Finke, Sarah Henderson, Peter J. F. Økstad, Ole Andreas Paulsen, Ian T. Kolstø, Anne-Brit PLoS One Research Article The Bacillus cereus group of bacteria includes seven closely related species, three of which, B. anthracis, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, are pathogens of humans, animals and/or insects. Preliminary investigations into the transport capabilities of different bacterial lineages suggested that genes encoding putative efflux systems were unusually abundant in the B. cereus group compared to other bacteria. To explore the drug efflux potential of the B. cereus group all putative efflux systems were identified in the genomes of prototypical strains of B. cereus, B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis using our Transporter Automated Annotation Pipeline. More than 90 putative drug efflux systems were found within each of these strains, accounting for up to 2.7% of their protein coding potential. Comparative analyses demonstrated that the efflux systems are highly conserved between these species; 70–80% of the putative efflux pumps were shared between all three strains studied. Furthermore, 82% of the putative efflux system proteins encoded by the prototypical B. cereus strain ATCC 14579 (type strain) were found to be conserved in at least 80% of 169 B. cereus group strains that have high quality genome sequences available. However, only a handful of these efflux pumps have been functionally characterized. Deletion of individual efflux pump genes from B. cereus typically had little impact to drug resistance phenotypes or the general fitness of the strains, possibly because of the large numbers of alternative efflux systems that may have overlapping substrate specificities. Therefore, to gain insight into the possible transport functions of efflux systems in B. cereus, we undertook large-scale qRT-PCR analyses of efflux pump gene expression following drug shocks and other stress treatments. Clustering of gene expression changes identified several groups of similarly regulated systems that may have overlapping drug resistance functions. In this article we review current knowledge of the small molecule efflux pumps encoded by the B. cereus group and suggest the likely functions of numerous uncharacterised pumps. Public Library of Science 2017-05-04 /pmc/articles/PMC5417439/ /pubmed/28472044 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176188 Text en © 2017 Hassan et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Hassan, Karl A. Fagerlund, Annette Elbourne, Liam D. H. Vörös, Aniko Kroeger, Jasmin K. Simm, Roger Tourasse, Nicolas J. Finke, Sarah Henderson, Peter J. F. Økstad, Ole Andreas Paulsen, Ian T. Kolstø, Anne-Brit The putative drug efflux systems of the Bacillus cereus group |
title | The putative drug efflux systems of the Bacillus cereus group |
title_full | The putative drug efflux systems of the Bacillus cereus group |
title_fullStr | The putative drug efflux systems of the Bacillus cereus group |
title_full_unstemmed | The putative drug efflux systems of the Bacillus cereus group |
title_short | The putative drug efflux systems of the Bacillus cereus group |
title_sort | putative drug efflux systems of the bacillus cereus group |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5417439/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472044 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176188 |
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