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The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism
This article reinvestigates the relationship between real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and terrorism. We devise a terrorism Lorenz curve to show that domestic and transnational terrorist attacks are each more concentrated in middle-income countries, thereby suggesting a nonlinear income–t...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
SAGE Publications
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5418944/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28579636 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002714535252 |
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author | Enders, Walter Hoover, Gary A. Sandler, Todd |
author_facet | Enders, Walter Hoover, Gary A. Sandler, Todd |
author_sort | Enders, Walter |
collection | PubMed |
description | This article reinvestigates the relationship between real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and terrorism. We devise a terrorism Lorenz curve to show that domestic and transnational terrorist attacks are each more concentrated in middle-income countries, thereby suggesting a nonlinear income–terrorism relationship. Moreover, this point of concentration shifted to lower income countries after the rising influence of the religious fundamentalist and nationalist/separatist terrorists in the early 1990s. For transnational terrorist attacks, this shift characterized not only the attack venue but also the perpetrators’ nationality. The article then uses nonlinear smooth transition regressions to establish the relationship between real per capita GDP and terrorism for eight alternative terrorism samples, accounting for venue, perpetrators’ nationality, terrorism type, and the period. Our nonlinear estimates are shown to be favored over estimates using linear or quadratic income determinants of terrorism. These nonlinear estimates are robust to additional controls. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5418944 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | SAGE Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-54189442017-06-02 The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism Enders, Walter Hoover, Gary A. Sandler, Todd J Conflict Resolut Articles This article reinvestigates the relationship between real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and terrorism. We devise a terrorism Lorenz curve to show that domestic and transnational terrorist attacks are each more concentrated in middle-income countries, thereby suggesting a nonlinear income–terrorism relationship. Moreover, this point of concentration shifted to lower income countries after the rising influence of the religious fundamentalist and nationalist/separatist terrorists in the early 1990s. For transnational terrorist attacks, this shift characterized not only the attack venue but also the perpetrators’ nationality. The article then uses nonlinear smooth transition regressions to establish the relationship between real per capita GDP and terrorism for eight alternative terrorism samples, accounting for venue, perpetrators’ nationality, terrorism type, and the period. Our nonlinear estimates are shown to be favored over estimates using linear or quadratic income determinants of terrorism. These nonlinear estimates are robust to additional controls. SAGE Publications 2014-05-26 2016-03 /pmc/articles/PMC5418944/ /pubmed/28579636 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002714535252 Text en © The Author(s) 2014 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page(https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). |
spellingShingle | Articles Enders, Walter Hoover, Gary A. Sandler, Todd The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism |
title | The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism |
title_full | The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism |
title_fullStr | The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism |
title_full_unstemmed | The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism |
title_short | The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism |
title_sort | changing nonlinear relationship between income and terrorism |
topic | Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5418944/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28579636 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002714535252 |
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