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The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism

This article reinvestigates the relationship between real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and terrorism. We devise a terrorism Lorenz curve to show that domestic and transnational terrorist attacks are each more concentrated in middle-income countries, thereby suggesting a nonlinear income–t...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Enders, Walter, Hoover, Gary A., Sandler, Todd
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: SAGE Publications 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5418944/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28579636
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002714535252
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author Enders, Walter
Hoover, Gary A.
Sandler, Todd
author_facet Enders, Walter
Hoover, Gary A.
Sandler, Todd
author_sort Enders, Walter
collection PubMed
description This article reinvestigates the relationship between real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and terrorism. We devise a terrorism Lorenz curve to show that domestic and transnational terrorist attacks are each more concentrated in middle-income countries, thereby suggesting a nonlinear income–terrorism relationship. Moreover, this point of concentration shifted to lower income countries after the rising influence of the religious fundamentalist and nationalist/separatist terrorists in the early 1990s. For transnational terrorist attacks, this shift characterized not only the attack venue but also the perpetrators’ nationality. The article then uses nonlinear smooth transition regressions to establish the relationship between real per capita GDP and terrorism for eight alternative terrorism samples, accounting for venue, perpetrators’ nationality, terrorism type, and the period. Our nonlinear estimates are shown to be favored over estimates using linear or quadratic income determinants of terrorism. These nonlinear estimates are robust to additional controls.
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spelling pubmed-54189442017-06-02 The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism Enders, Walter Hoover, Gary A. Sandler, Todd J Conflict Resolut Articles This article reinvestigates the relationship between real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and terrorism. We devise a terrorism Lorenz curve to show that domestic and transnational terrorist attacks are each more concentrated in middle-income countries, thereby suggesting a nonlinear income–terrorism relationship. Moreover, this point of concentration shifted to lower income countries after the rising influence of the religious fundamentalist and nationalist/separatist terrorists in the early 1990s. For transnational terrorist attacks, this shift characterized not only the attack venue but also the perpetrators’ nationality. The article then uses nonlinear smooth transition regressions to establish the relationship between real per capita GDP and terrorism for eight alternative terrorism samples, accounting for venue, perpetrators’ nationality, terrorism type, and the period. Our nonlinear estimates are shown to be favored over estimates using linear or quadratic income determinants of terrorism. These nonlinear estimates are robust to additional controls. SAGE Publications 2014-05-26 2016-03 /pmc/articles/PMC5418944/ /pubmed/28579636 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002714535252 Text en © The Author(s) 2014 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page(https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
spellingShingle Articles
Enders, Walter
Hoover, Gary A.
Sandler, Todd
The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism
title The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism
title_full The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism
title_fullStr The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism
title_full_unstemmed The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism
title_short The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism
title_sort changing nonlinear relationship between income and terrorism
topic Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5418944/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28579636
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002714535252
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