Ocular basal cell carcinoma: a brief literature review of clinical diagnosis and treatment

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common malignant tumor throughout the world. One of the known risk factors of BCC is intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation. More than 50% of BCCs of the eyelid initially occur on the lower lid. The gold standard of diagnosis of BCC is histopathology. Treatment options for BCC consist of surgery, vismodegib, radiotherapy and imiquimod. Surgical excision using Mohs micrographic surgery or wide surgical excision with frozen section margin control is the first consideration for treatment of periocular BCC. Eyelid reconstruction should be carefully considered as both function and esthetic outcome in patients are important after clear excision of tumors. Exenteration is considered in the case of extensive orbital invasion or high-risk aggressive tumors in order to reduce the rate of recurrence.