Hybrid Energy Storage of Ni(OH)(2)-coated N-doped Graphene Aerogel//N-doped Graphene Aerogel for the Replacement of NiCd and NiMH Batteries

Although Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd) and Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries have been widely used, their drawbacks including toxic Cd and expensive La alloy at the negative electrodes, low energy density (40–60 Wh/kg for NiCd and 140–300 Wh/L for NiMH), low power density (150 W/kg for NiCd and 1000 W/kg for NiMH), and low working potential (1.2 V) limit their applications. In this work, Cd and La alloy were replaced with N-doped reduced graphene oxide aerogel (N-rGO(ae)) providing a hybrid energy storage (HES) having the battery and supercapacitor effects. The HES of Ni(OH)(2)-coated N-rGO(ae)//N-rGO(ae) provides 1.5 V, a specific energy of 146 Wh/kg, a maximum specific power of 7705 W/kg, and high capacity retention over 84.6% after 5000 cycles. The mass change at the positive electrode during charging/discharging is 8.5 µg cm(−2) owing to the insertion/desertion of solvated OH(−) into the α-Ni(OH)(2)-coated N-rGO(ae). At the negative electrode, the mass change of the solvated K(+), physically adsorbed/desorbed to the N-rGO(ae), is 7.5 μg cm(−2). In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) shows highly reversible redox reaction of α-Ni(OH)(2). The as-fabricated device without using toxic Cd and expensive La alloy has a potential as a candidate of NiCd and NiMH.