Ionic liquids for the passive sampling of sulfonamides from water—applicability and selectivity study

Ionic liquids (ILs) are new-generation, non-volatile solvents which are designable, and their structure may be specifically adjusted to the current application needs. Therefore, it is possible to create and apply ILs which efficiently and selectively extract various analytes from different matrices. It has already been examined that ILs may be applied as receiving phases in passive sampling for the long-term water monitoring of PAHs and pharmaceuticals in water. In this paper, the concept of passive sampling with ILs (PASSIL applied as receiving phases) was continued and developed using phosphonium-, imidazolium-, and morpholinium-cation-based ILs. The target group of analytes was pharmaceuticals which represent one of the most common categories of water contaminants. Fourteen-day-long extractions using various ILs were performed in stirred conditions at a constant temperature (20 °C). The best extraction efficiency was achieved for trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium dicyanamide ([P666-14][N(CN)(2)]). For this preliminary calibration, the sampling rates were calculated for each sulfonamide. Once again, selectivity was observed in passive sampling using [P666-14][N(CN)(2)]. Therefore, PASSIL is seen as a very promising method for pharmaceutical monitoring in water. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0342-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.