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Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England

The sequestration in soil of organic carbon (SOC) derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) by replacing arable crops with leys, has been measured over 70 years on a sandy loam soil. The experiment was designed initially to test the effect of leys on the yields of arable crops. A 3‐year grazed...

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Autores principales: Johnston, A. E., Poulton, P. R., Coleman, K., Macdonald, A. J., White, R. P.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439491/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28603450
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12415
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author Johnston, A. E.
Poulton, P. R.
Coleman, K.
Macdonald, A. J.
White, R. P.
author_facet Johnston, A. E.
Poulton, P. R.
Coleman, K.
Macdonald, A. J.
White, R. P.
author_sort Johnston, A. E.
collection PubMed
description The sequestration in soil of organic carbon (SOC) derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) by replacing arable crops with leys, has been measured over 70 years on a sandy loam soil. The experiment was designed initially to test the effect of leys on the yields of arable crops. A 3‐year grazed grass with clover (grass + clover) ley in a 5‐year rotation with arable crops increased percentage organic carbon (%OC) in the top 25 cm of the soil from 0.98 to 1.23 in 28 years, but with little further increase during the next 40 years with all‐grass leys given fertilizer nitrogen (N). In this second period, OC inputs were balanced by losses, suggesting that about 1.3% OC might be near the equilibrium content for this rotation. Including 3‐year lucerne (Medicago sativa) leys had little effect on %OC over 28 years, but after changing to grass + clover leys, %OC increased to 1.24 during the next 40 years. Eight‐year leys (all grass with N or grass + clover) in 10‐year rotations with arable crops were started in the 1970s, and after three rotations %OC had increased to ca. 1.40 in 2000–2009. Over 70 years, %OC declined from 0.98 to 0.94 in an all‐arable rotation with mainly cereals and to 0.82 with more root crops. Applications of 38 t ha(−1) farmyard manure (FYM) every fifth year increased %OC by 0.13% by the mid‐1960s when applications ceased. Soil treated with FYM still contained 0.10% more OC in 2000–2009. Changes in the amount of OC have been modelled with RothC‐26.3 and estimated inputs of C for selected rotations. Little of the OC input during the 70 years has been retained; most was retained in the grazed ley rotation, but 9 t ha(−1) only of a total input of 189 t ha(−1). In other rotations more than 98% of the total OC input was lost. Despite large losses of C, annual increases in OC of 4‰ are possible on this soil type with the inclusion of grass or grass + clover leys or the application of FYM, but only for a limited period. Such increases in SOC might help to limit increases in atmospheric CO(2). HIGHLIGHTS: Can leys sequester significant amounts of atmospheric CO (2) in SOM and contribute to the 4‰ initiative? Changes in the percentage and amount of OC were measured and modelled over 70 years and OC losses estimated. Three‐year grass or grass + clover leys increased %OC, but only to an equilibrium level that was then maintained. Despite large losses, sequestering CO (2)‐C at 4‰ year(−1) by growing grass or grass + clover leys is possible.
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spelling pubmed-54394912017-06-08 Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England Johnston, A. E. Poulton, P. R. Coleman, K. Macdonald, A. J. White, R. P. Eur J Soil Sci Carbon and Organic Matter The sequestration in soil of organic carbon (SOC) derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) by replacing arable crops with leys, has been measured over 70 years on a sandy loam soil. The experiment was designed initially to test the effect of leys on the yields of arable crops. A 3‐year grazed grass with clover (grass + clover) ley in a 5‐year rotation with arable crops increased percentage organic carbon (%OC) in the top 25 cm of the soil from 0.98 to 1.23 in 28 years, but with little further increase during the next 40 years with all‐grass leys given fertilizer nitrogen (N). In this second period, OC inputs were balanced by losses, suggesting that about 1.3% OC might be near the equilibrium content for this rotation. Including 3‐year lucerne (Medicago sativa) leys had little effect on %OC over 28 years, but after changing to grass + clover leys, %OC increased to 1.24 during the next 40 years. Eight‐year leys (all grass with N or grass + clover) in 10‐year rotations with arable crops were started in the 1970s, and after three rotations %OC had increased to ca. 1.40 in 2000–2009. Over 70 years, %OC declined from 0.98 to 0.94 in an all‐arable rotation with mainly cereals and to 0.82 with more root crops. Applications of 38 t ha(−1) farmyard manure (FYM) every fifth year increased %OC by 0.13% by the mid‐1960s when applications ceased. Soil treated with FYM still contained 0.10% more OC in 2000–2009. Changes in the amount of OC have been modelled with RothC‐26.3 and estimated inputs of C for selected rotations. Little of the OC input during the 70 years has been retained; most was retained in the grazed ley rotation, but 9 t ha(−1) only of a total input of 189 t ha(−1). In other rotations more than 98% of the total OC input was lost. Despite large losses of C, annual increases in OC of 4‰ are possible on this soil type with the inclusion of grass or grass + clover leys or the application of FYM, but only for a limited period. Such increases in SOC might help to limit increases in atmospheric CO(2). HIGHLIGHTS: Can leys sequester significant amounts of atmospheric CO (2) in SOM and contribute to the 4‰ initiative? Changes in the percentage and amount of OC were measured and modelled over 70 years and OC losses estimated. Three‐year grass or grass + clover leys increased %OC, but only to an equilibrium level that was then maintained. Despite large losses, sequestering CO (2)‐C at 4‰ year(−1) by growing grass or grass + clover leys is possible. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2017-03-21 2017-05 /pmc/articles/PMC5439491/ /pubmed/28603450 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12415 Text en © 2017 The Authors. European Journal of Soil Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Society of Soil Science. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Carbon and Organic Matter
Johnston, A. E.
Poulton, P. R.
Coleman, K.
Macdonald, A. J.
White, R. P.
Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England
title Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England
title_full Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England
title_fullStr Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England
title_full_unstemmed Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England
title_short Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England
title_sort changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in england
topic Carbon and Organic Matter
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439491/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28603450
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12415
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