Predictors and outcome of no-reflow post primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: No-reflow (TIMI < 3) during primary PCI (PCI) for STEMI occurs in 11–41% of cases, indicates poor myocardial tissue perfusion, and is associated with a poor outcome. We aimed to determine predictors and 12 month outcomes of patients who developed no-reflow. METHODS: We analysed the PCI database of The Canberra Hospital and identified 781 patients who underwent primary PCI during 2008–2012. Follow-up at 12 months was with letter, phone call and review of hospital records. RESULTS: No-reflow was observed in 189 patients (25%) at the end of the procedure. Patients with no-reflow were older (64 vs. 61 years, p = 0.03). No-reflow patients were more likely to have initial TIMI flow < 3 (89% vs. 79%, p = 0.001), thrombus score ≥ 4 (83% vs. 69%, p = 0.0001), higher use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (57% vs. 48%, p = 0.03) and longer median symptom to balloon time (223 min vs. 192 min, p = 0.004). No-reflow was an independent predictor of mortality (HR 1.95, CI 1.04-3.59, p = 0.037) during 12 month follow-up. On multivariate analysis, age > 60 years, thrombus score ≥ 4 and symptom to balloon time > 360 min were independent predictors of no-reflow. In 17% of cases of no reflow, it occurred only after stent insertion. CONCLUSIONS: No-reflow occurred in 25% of STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI and was more likely with older age, high thrombus burden and delayed presentation. No-reflow was associated with a higher risk of death at 12 month follow-up.