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Concise Review: Innate and Adaptive Immune Recognition of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Transplants in the Central Nervous System

Over the last 30 years, numerous allogeneic and xenogeneic cell grafts have been transplanted into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice and men in an attempt to cure neurological diseases. In the early studies, human or porcine embryonic neural cells were grafted in the striatum of animals or pa...

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Autores principales: Hoornaert, Chloé J., Le Blon, Debbie, Quarta, Alessandra, Daans, Jasmijn, Goossens, Herman, Berneman, Zwi, Ponsaerts, Peter
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442707/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28244236
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sctm.16-0434
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author Hoornaert, Chloé J.
Le Blon, Debbie
Quarta, Alessandra
Daans, Jasmijn
Goossens, Herman
Berneman, Zwi
Ponsaerts, Peter
author_facet Hoornaert, Chloé J.
Le Blon, Debbie
Quarta, Alessandra
Daans, Jasmijn
Goossens, Herman
Berneman, Zwi
Ponsaerts, Peter
author_sort Hoornaert, Chloé J.
collection PubMed
description Over the last 30 years, numerous allogeneic and xenogeneic cell grafts have been transplanted into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice and men in an attempt to cure neurological diseases. In the early studies, human or porcine embryonic neural cells were grafted in the striatum of animals or patients in an attempt to replace lost neurons. Although the immune‐privileged status of the brain as a recipient organ was widely accepted, it rapidly became evident that CNS‐grafted allogeneic and xenogeneic cells could be recognized and rejected by the immune system, resulting in poor neural graft survival and limited functional recovery. Since then, the CNS transplantation field has witnessed a sharp rise in the number of studies in which allogeneic and xenogeneic neural or mesenchymal stem cells (NSCs or MSCs, respectively) are transplanted, predominantly aiming at providing trophic stimulation and promoting endogenous repair of the brain. Interestingly, in many recent NSC and MSC‐based publications functional improvement was used as the principal measure to evaluate the success of cell transplantation, while the fate of transplanted cells remained largely unreported. In this review, we first attempt to understand why primary neural cell isolates were largely substituted for NSCs and MSCs in cell grafting studies. Next, we review the current knowledge on the immune mechanisms involved in the recognition and rejection of allogeneic and xenogeneic cellular grafts in the CNS. Finally, we propose strategies to reduce graft immunogenicity and to improve graft survival in order to design improved cell‐based CNS therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1434–1441
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spelling pubmed-54427072017-06-15 Concise Review: Innate and Adaptive Immune Recognition of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Transplants in the Central Nervous System Hoornaert, Chloé J. Le Blon, Debbie Quarta, Alessandra Daans, Jasmijn Goossens, Herman Berneman, Zwi Ponsaerts, Peter Stem Cells Transl Med Translational Research Articles and Reviews Over the last 30 years, numerous allogeneic and xenogeneic cell grafts have been transplanted into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice and men in an attempt to cure neurological diseases. In the early studies, human or porcine embryonic neural cells were grafted in the striatum of animals or patients in an attempt to replace lost neurons. Although the immune‐privileged status of the brain as a recipient organ was widely accepted, it rapidly became evident that CNS‐grafted allogeneic and xenogeneic cells could be recognized and rejected by the immune system, resulting in poor neural graft survival and limited functional recovery. Since then, the CNS transplantation field has witnessed a sharp rise in the number of studies in which allogeneic and xenogeneic neural or mesenchymal stem cells (NSCs or MSCs, respectively) are transplanted, predominantly aiming at providing trophic stimulation and promoting endogenous repair of the brain. Interestingly, in many recent NSC and MSC‐based publications functional improvement was used as the principal measure to evaluate the success of cell transplantation, while the fate of transplanted cells remained largely unreported. In this review, we first attempt to understand why primary neural cell isolates were largely substituted for NSCs and MSCs in cell grafting studies. Next, we review the current knowledge on the immune mechanisms involved in the recognition and rejection of allogeneic and xenogeneic cellular grafts in the CNS. Finally, we propose strategies to reduce graft immunogenicity and to improve graft survival in order to design improved cell‐based CNS therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1434–1441 John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2017-02-28 2017-05 /pmc/articles/PMC5442707/ /pubmed/28244236 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sctm.16-0434 Text en © 2017 The Authors Stem Cells Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of AlphaMed Press This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Translational Research Articles and Reviews
Hoornaert, Chloé J.
Le Blon, Debbie
Quarta, Alessandra
Daans, Jasmijn
Goossens, Herman
Berneman, Zwi
Ponsaerts, Peter
Concise Review: Innate and Adaptive Immune Recognition of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Transplants in the Central Nervous System
title Concise Review: Innate and Adaptive Immune Recognition of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Transplants in the Central Nervous System
title_full Concise Review: Innate and Adaptive Immune Recognition of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Transplants in the Central Nervous System
title_fullStr Concise Review: Innate and Adaptive Immune Recognition of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Transplants in the Central Nervous System
title_full_unstemmed Concise Review: Innate and Adaptive Immune Recognition of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Transplants in the Central Nervous System
title_short Concise Review: Innate and Adaptive Immune Recognition of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Transplants in the Central Nervous System
title_sort concise review: innate and adaptive immune recognition of allogeneic and xenogeneic cell transplants in the central nervous system
topic Translational Research Articles and Reviews
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442707/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28244236
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sctm.16-0434
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