Persistent Luminescence in Eu(2+)-Doped Compounds: A Review

In 1996, Matsuzawa et al. reported on the extremely long-lasting afterglow of SrAl(2)O(4):Eu(2+) codoped with Dy(3+) ions, which was more than 10-times brighter than the previously widely used ZnS:Cu,Co. Since then, research for stable and efficient persistent phosphors has continuously gained popularity. However, even today - almost 15 years after the discovery of SrAl(2)O(4):Eu(2+), Dy(3+) - the number of persistent luminescent materials is still relatively low. Furthermore, the mechanism behind this phenomenon is still unclear. Although most authors agree on the general features, such as the existence of long-lived trap levels, many details are still shrouded in mystery. In this review, we present an overview of the important classes of known persistent luminescent materials based on Eu(2+)-emission and how they were prepared, and we take a closer look at the models and mechanisms that have been suggested to explain bright afterglow in various compounds.