Thermally evaporated indium-free, transparent, flexible SnO(2)/AgPdCu/SnO(2) electrodes for flexible and transparent thin film heaters

We investigated the characteristics of themally evaporated SnO(2)/Ag-Pd-Cu (APC)/SnO(2) multilayer films for applications as damage-free, indium-free, flexible, and transparent electrodes for high performance flexible and transparent thin film heaters (TFHs). The top and bottom SnO(2) layers and APC interlayer were prepared by a multi-source evaporation process, and the effect of the thickness of each layer on the resistivity, optical transmittance, and mechanical flexibility of the SnO(2)/APC/SnO(2) electrodes was investigated in detail. Based on a figure of merit value, we obtained a SnO(2)/APC/SnO(2) electrode with a low sheet resistance of 9.42 Ohm/square and a high optical transmittance of 91.14%. In addition, we examined the mechanical properties of the SnO(2)/APC/SnO(2) electrode using various bending tests such as inner bending, outer bending, dynamic fatigue, and a twisting test. By comparing the crack shape of the SnO(2)/APC/SnO(2) electrode bent beyond the critical bending radius (2~3 mm), we suggest a possible crack formation mechanism for the SnO(2)/APC/SnO(2) electrodes. Furthermore, we evaluated the feasibility of the SnO(2)/APC/SnO(2) electrodes for flexible and transparent TFHs. By correlating the sheet resistance of the SnO(2)/APC/SnO(2) electrode and the performance of TFHs, we show the importance of transparent electrodes for high performance flexible and transparent TFHs.