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Assessing the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths among women aged 40–55 in the United States and currently affects more than one in ten women worldwide. It is also one of the most diagnosed cancers in women both in wealthy and poor countries. Fortunately, the mortality rate from br...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451937/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28475137 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050486 |
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author | Yedjou, Clement G. Tchounwou, Paul B. Payton, Marinelle Miele, Lucio Fonseca, Duber D. Lowe, Leroy Alo, Richard A. |
author_facet | Yedjou, Clement G. Tchounwou, Paul B. Payton, Marinelle Miele, Lucio Fonseca, Duber D. Lowe, Leroy Alo, Richard A. |
author_sort | Yedjou, Clement G. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths among women aged 40–55 in the United States and currently affects more than one in ten women worldwide. It is also one of the most diagnosed cancers in women both in wealthy and poor countries. Fortunately, the mortality rate from breast cancer has decreased in recent years due to increased emphasis on early detection and more effective treatments in White population. Although the mortality rates have declined in some ethnic populations, the overall cancer incidence among African American and Hispanic populations has continued to grow. The goal of the present review article was to highlight similarities and differences in breast cancer morbidity and mortality rates primarily among African American women compared to White women in the United States. To reach our goal, we conducted a search of articles in journals with a primary focus on minority health, and authors who had published articles on racial/ethnic disparity related to breast cancer patients. A systematic search of original research was conducted using MEDLINE, PUBMED and Google Scholar databases. We found that racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer may be attributed to a large number of clinical and non-clinical risk factors including lack of medical coverage, barriers to early detection and screening, more advanced stage of disease at diagnosis among minorities, and unequal access to improvements in cancer treatment. Many African American women have frequent unknown or unstaged breast cancers than White women. These risk factors may explain the differences in breast cancer treatment and survival rate between African American women and White women. New strategies and approaches are needed to promote breast cancer prevention, improve survival rate, reduce breast cancer mortality, and ultimately improve the health outcomes of racial/ethnic minorities. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5451937 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-54519372017-06-05 Assessing the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States Yedjou, Clement G. Tchounwou, Paul B. Payton, Marinelle Miele, Lucio Fonseca, Duber D. Lowe, Leroy Alo, Richard A. Int J Environ Res Public Health Review Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths among women aged 40–55 in the United States and currently affects more than one in ten women worldwide. It is also one of the most diagnosed cancers in women both in wealthy and poor countries. Fortunately, the mortality rate from breast cancer has decreased in recent years due to increased emphasis on early detection and more effective treatments in White population. Although the mortality rates have declined in some ethnic populations, the overall cancer incidence among African American and Hispanic populations has continued to grow. The goal of the present review article was to highlight similarities and differences in breast cancer morbidity and mortality rates primarily among African American women compared to White women in the United States. To reach our goal, we conducted a search of articles in journals with a primary focus on minority health, and authors who had published articles on racial/ethnic disparity related to breast cancer patients. A systematic search of original research was conducted using MEDLINE, PUBMED and Google Scholar databases. We found that racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer may be attributed to a large number of clinical and non-clinical risk factors including lack of medical coverage, barriers to early detection and screening, more advanced stage of disease at diagnosis among minorities, and unequal access to improvements in cancer treatment. Many African American women have frequent unknown or unstaged breast cancers than White women. These risk factors may explain the differences in breast cancer treatment and survival rate between African American women and White women. New strategies and approaches are needed to promote breast cancer prevention, improve survival rate, reduce breast cancer mortality, and ultimately improve the health outcomes of racial/ethnic minorities. MDPI 2017-05-05 2017-05 /pmc/articles/PMC5451937/ /pubmed/28475137 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050486 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Yedjou, Clement G. Tchounwou, Paul B. Payton, Marinelle Miele, Lucio Fonseca, Duber D. Lowe, Leroy Alo, Richard A. Assessing the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States |
title | Assessing the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States |
title_full | Assessing the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States |
title_fullStr | Assessing the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States |
title_full_unstemmed | Assessing the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States |
title_short | Assessing the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States |
title_sort | assessing the racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality in the united states |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451937/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28475137 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050486 |
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