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Milk’s Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease
It is the intention of this review to characterize milk’s role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic “doping system” of mammalian...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2017
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5456335/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28933365 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases5010012 |
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author | Melnik, Bodo C. Schmitz, Gerd |
author_facet | Melnik, Bodo C. Schmitz, Gerd |
author_sort | Melnik, Bodo C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | It is the intention of this review to characterize milk’s role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic “doping system” of mammalian development. Milk exosome-derived micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) that target DNA methyltransferases are implicated to play the key role in the upregulation of developmental genes such as FTO, INS, and IGF1. In contrast to miRNA-deficient infant formula, breastfeeding via physiological miRNA transfer provides the appropriate signals for adequate epigenetic programming of the newborn infant. Whereas breastfeeding is restricted to the lactation period, continued consumption of cow’s milk results in persistent epigenetic upregulation of genes critically involved in the development of diseases of civilization such as diabesity, neurodegeneration, and cancer. We hypothesize that the same miRNAs that epigenetically increase lactation, upregulate gene expression of the milk recipient via milk-derived miRNAs. It is of critical concern that persistent consumption of pasteurized cow’s milk contaminates the human food chain with bovine miRNAs, that are identical to their human analogs. Commercial interest to enhance dairy lactation performance may further increase the epigenetic miRNA burden for the milk consumer. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5456335 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-54563352017-09-12 Milk’s Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease Melnik, Bodo C. Schmitz, Gerd Diseases Review It is the intention of this review to characterize milk’s role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic “doping system” of mammalian development. Milk exosome-derived micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) that target DNA methyltransferases are implicated to play the key role in the upregulation of developmental genes such as FTO, INS, and IGF1. In contrast to miRNA-deficient infant formula, breastfeeding via physiological miRNA transfer provides the appropriate signals for adequate epigenetic programming of the newborn infant. Whereas breastfeeding is restricted to the lactation period, continued consumption of cow’s milk results in persistent epigenetic upregulation of genes critically involved in the development of diseases of civilization such as diabesity, neurodegeneration, and cancer. We hypothesize that the same miRNAs that epigenetically increase lactation, upregulate gene expression of the milk recipient via milk-derived miRNAs. It is of critical concern that persistent consumption of pasteurized cow’s milk contaminates the human food chain with bovine miRNAs, that are identical to their human analogs. Commercial interest to enhance dairy lactation performance may further increase the epigenetic miRNA burden for the milk consumer. MDPI 2017-03-15 /pmc/articles/PMC5456335/ /pubmed/28933365 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases5010012 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Melnik, Bodo C. Schmitz, Gerd Milk’s Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease |
title | Milk’s Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease |
title_full | Milk’s Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease |
title_fullStr | Milk’s Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease |
title_full_unstemmed | Milk’s Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease |
title_short | Milk’s Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease |
title_sort | milk’s role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5456335/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28933365 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases5010012 |
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