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Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems

Phosphorus-based flame retardants were incorporated into different, easily preparable matrices, such as polymeric thermoset resins and paraffin as a proposed model for polyolefins and investigated for their flame retardancy performance. The favored mode of action of each flame retardant was identifi...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Rabe, Sebastian, Chuenban, Yuttapong, Schartel, Bernhard
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459085/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28772815
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10050455
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author Rabe, Sebastian
Chuenban, Yuttapong
Schartel, Bernhard
author_facet Rabe, Sebastian
Chuenban, Yuttapong
Schartel, Bernhard
author_sort Rabe, Sebastian
collection PubMed
description Phosphorus-based flame retardants were incorporated into different, easily preparable matrices, such as polymeric thermoset resins and paraffin as a proposed model for polyolefins and investigated for their flame retardancy performance. The favored mode of action of each flame retardant was identified in each respective system and at each respective concentration. Thermogravimetric analysis was used in combination with infrared spectroscopy of the evolved gas to determine the pyrolysis behavior, residue formation and the release of phosphorus species. Forced flaming tests in the cone calorimeter provided insight into burning behavior and macroscopic residue effects. The results were put into relation to the phosphorus content to reveal correlations between phosphorus concentration in the gas phase and flame inhibition performance, as well as phosphorus concentration in the residue and condensed phase activity. Total heat evolved (fire load) and peak heat release rate were calculated based on changes in the effective heat of combustion and residue, and then compared with the measured values to address the modes of action of the flame retardants quantitatively. The quantification of flame inhibition, charring, and the protective layer effect measure the non-linear flame retardancy effects as functions of the phosphorus concentration. Overall, this screening approach using easily preparable polymer systems provides great insight into the effect of phosphorus in different flame retarded polymers, with regard to polymer structure, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus species.
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spelling pubmed-54590852017-07-28 Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems Rabe, Sebastian Chuenban, Yuttapong Schartel, Bernhard Materials (Basel) Article Phosphorus-based flame retardants were incorporated into different, easily preparable matrices, such as polymeric thermoset resins and paraffin as a proposed model for polyolefins and investigated for their flame retardancy performance. The favored mode of action of each flame retardant was identified in each respective system and at each respective concentration. Thermogravimetric analysis was used in combination with infrared spectroscopy of the evolved gas to determine the pyrolysis behavior, residue formation and the release of phosphorus species. Forced flaming tests in the cone calorimeter provided insight into burning behavior and macroscopic residue effects. The results were put into relation to the phosphorus content to reveal correlations between phosphorus concentration in the gas phase and flame inhibition performance, as well as phosphorus concentration in the residue and condensed phase activity. Total heat evolved (fire load) and peak heat release rate were calculated based on changes in the effective heat of combustion and residue, and then compared with the measured values to address the modes of action of the flame retardants quantitatively. The quantification of flame inhibition, charring, and the protective layer effect measure the non-linear flame retardancy effects as functions of the phosphorus concentration. Overall, this screening approach using easily preparable polymer systems provides great insight into the effect of phosphorus in different flame retarded polymers, with regard to polymer structure, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus species. MDPI 2017-04-26 /pmc/articles/PMC5459085/ /pubmed/28772815 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10050455 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Rabe, Sebastian
Chuenban, Yuttapong
Schartel, Bernhard
Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems
title Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems
title_full Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems
title_fullStr Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems
title_short Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems
title_sort exploring the modes of action of phosphorus-based flame retardants in polymeric systems
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459085/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28772815
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10050455
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