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Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project

BACKGROUND: Previous studies found a complex relationship between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and walkability. These studies did not include neighborhood dynamics. Our aim was to study the association between area-level SES and walkability in the city of Madrid (Spain) evaluating the poten...

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Autores principales: Gullón, Pedro, Bilal, Usama, Cebrecos, Alba, Badland, Hannah M., Galán, Iñaki, Franco, Manuel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5461703/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28587623
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12942-017-0095-7
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author Gullón, Pedro
Bilal, Usama
Cebrecos, Alba
Badland, Hannah M.
Galán, Iñaki
Franco, Manuel
author_facet Gullón, Pedro
Bilal, Usama
Cebrecos, Alba
Badland, Hannah M.
Galán, Iñaki
Franco, Manuel
author_sort Gullón, Pedro
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Previous studies found a complex relationship between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and walkability. These studies did not include neighborhood dynamics. Our aim was to study the association between area-level SES and walkability in the city of Madrid (Spain) evaluating the potential effect modification of neighborhood dynamics. METHODS: All census sections of the city of Madrid (n = 2415) were included. Area-level SES was measured using a composite index of 7 indicators in 4 domains (education, wealth, occupation and living conditions). Two neighborhood dynamics factors were computed: gentrification, proxied by change in education levels in the previous 10 years, and neighborhood age, proxied by median year of construction of housing units in the area. Walkability was measured using a composite index of 4 indicators (Residential Density, Population Density, Retail Destinations and Street Connectivity). We modeled the association using linear mixed models with random intercepts. RESULTS: Area-level SES and walkability were inversely and significantly associated. Areas with lower SES showed the highest walkability. This pattern did not hold for areas with an increase in education level, where the association was flat (no decrease in walkability with higher SES). Moreover, the association was attenuated in newly built areas: the association was stronger in areas built before 1975, weaker in areas built between 1975 and 1990 and flat in areas built from 1990 on. CONCLUSION: Areas with higher neighborhood socioeconomic status had lower walkability in Madrid. This disadvantage in walkability was not present in recently built or gentrified areas. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12942-017-0095-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-54617032017-06-07 Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project Gullón, Pedro Bilal, Usama Cebrecos, Alba Badland, Hannah M. Galán, Iñaki Franco, Manuel Int J Health Geogr Research BACKGROUND: Previous studies found a complex relationship between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and walkability. These studies did not include neighborhood dynamics. Our aim was to study the association between area-level SES and walkability in the city of Madrid (Spain) evaluating the potential effect modification of neighborhood dynamics. METHODS: All census sections of the city of Madrid (n = 2415) were included. Area-level SES was measured using a composite index of 7 indicators in 4 domains (education, wealth, occupation and living conditions). Two neighborhood dynamics factors were computed: gentrification, proxied by change in education levels in the previous 10 years, and neighborhood age, proxied by median year of construction of housing units in the area. Walkability was measured using a composite index of 4 indicators (Residential Density, Population Density, Retail Destinations and Street Connectivity). We modeled the association using linear mixed models with random intercepts. RESULTS: Area-level SES and walkability were inversely and significantly associated. Areas with lower SES showed the highest walkability. This pattern did not hold for areas with an increase in education level, where the association was flat (no decrease in walkability with higher SES). Moreover, the association was attenuated in newly built areas: the association was stronger in areas built before 1975, weaker in areas built between 1975 and 1990 and flat in areas built from 1990 on. CONCLUSION: Areas with higher neighborhood socioeconomic status had lower walkability in Madrid. This disadvantage in walkability was not present in recently built or gentrified areas. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12942-017-0095-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2017-06-06 /pmc/articles/PMC5461703/ /pubmed/28587623 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12942-017-0095-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2017 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research
Gullón, Pedro
Bilal, Usama
Cebrecos, Alba
Badland, Hannah M.
Galán, Iñaki
Franco, Manuel
Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project
title Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project
title_full Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project
title_fullStr Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project
title_full_unstemmed Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project
title_short Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project
title_sort intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the heart healthy hoods project
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5461703/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28587623
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12942-017-0095-7
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