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HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes

The human intestinal mucosal surface represents the first defense against pathogens and regulates the immune response through the combination of epithelial cell (EC) functions and immunological factors. ECs act as sensors of luminal stimuli and interact with the immune cells through signal–transduct...

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Autores principales: Felli, Cristina, Vincentini, Olimpia, Silano, Marco, Masotti, Andrea
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5462933/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28642743
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01022
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author Felli, Cristina
Vincentini, Olimpia
Silano, Marco
Masotti, Andrea
author_facet Felli, Cristina
Vincentini, Olimpia
Silano, Marco
Masotti, Andrea
author_sort Felli, Cristina
collection PubMed
description The human intestinal mucosal surface represents the first defense against pathogens and regulates the immune response through the combination of epithelial cell (EC) functions and immunological factors. ECs act as sensors of luminal stimuli and interact with the immune cells through signal–transduction pathways, thus representing the first barrier that HIV-1 virus encounters during infection. In particular, the HIV-1 Nef protein plays a crucial role in viral invasion and replication. Nef is expressed early during viral infection and interacts with numerous cellular proteins as a scaffold/adaptor. Nef is localized primarily to cellular membranes and affects several signaling cascades in infected cells modulating the expression of cell surface receptors critical for HIV-1 infection and transmission, also accompanied by the production of specific cytokines and progressive depletion of CD4(+) T cells. At the intestinal level, Nef contributes to affect the mucosal barrier by increasing epithelial permeability, that results in the translocation of microbial antigens and consequently in immune system activation. However, the pathological role of Nef in mucosal dysfunction has not been fully elucidated. Interestingly, Nef is secreted also within exosomes and contributes to regulate the intercellular communication exploiting the vesicular trafficking machinery of the host. This can be considered as a potential inter-kingdom communication pathway between virus and humans, where viral Nef contributes to modulate and post-transcriptionally regulate the host gene expression and immune response. In this mini-review we discuss the effects of HIV-1 Nef protein on intestinal epithelium and propose the existence of an inter-kingdom communication process mediated by exosomes.
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spelling pubmed-54629332017-06-22 HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes Felli, Cristina Vincentini, Olimpia Silano, Marco Masotti, Andrea Front Microbiol Microbiology The human intestinal mucosal surface represents the first defense against pathogens and regulates the immune response through the combination of epithelial cell (EC) functions and immunological factors. ECs act as sensors of luminal stimuli and interact with the immune cells through signal–transduction pathways, thus representing the first barrier that HIV-1 virus encounters during infection. In particular, the HIV-1 Nef protein plays a crucial role in viral invasion and replication. Nef is expressed early during viral infection and interacts with numerous cellular proteins as a scaffold/adaptor. Nef is localized primarily to cellular membranes and affects several signaling cascades in infected cells modulating the expression of cell surface receptors critical for HIV-1 infection and transmission, also accompanied by the production of specific cytokines and progressive depletion of CD4(+) T cells. At the intestinal level, Nef contributes to affect the mucosal barrier by increasing epithelial permeability, that results in the translocation of microbial antigens and consequently in immune system activation. However, the pathological role of Nef in mucosal dysfunction has not been fully elucidated. Interestingly, Nef is secreted also within exosomes and contributes to regulate the intercellular communication exploiting the vesicular trafficking machinery of the host. This can be considered as a potential inter-kingdom communication pathway between virus and humans, where viral Nef contributes to modulate and post-transcriptionally regulate the host gene expression and immune response. In this mini-review we discuss the effects of HIV-1 Nef protein on intestinal epithelium and propose the existence of an inter-kingdom communication process mediated by exosomes. Frontiers Media S.A. 2017-06-08 /pmc/articles/PMC5462933/ /pubmed/28642743 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01022 Text en Copyright © 2017 Felli, Vincentini, Silano and Masotti. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Felli, Cristina
Vincentini, Olimpia
Silano, Marco
Masotti, Andrea
HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes
title HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes
title_full HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes
title_fullStr HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes
title_full_unstemmed HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes
title_short HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes
title_sort hiv-1 nef signaling in intestinal mucosa epithelium suggests the existence of an active inter-kingdom crosstalk mediated by exosomes
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5462933/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28642743
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01022
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