Perforated Bladder as a Cause of Abdominal Ascites in a Patient Presenting with Acute Onset Abdominal Pain

Bladder perforation, especially when atraumatic, is a rare cause of ascites and is often difficult to differentiate from other causes of abdominal pain and ascites in the acute setting. A 43-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of multiple sclerosis presented with acute abdominal pain. A computed tomography (CT) scan of her abdomen and pelvis without contrast revealed ascites, acute kidney injury (AKI) was noted on laboratory workup, and very little urine was drained by Foley catheter. Over the next several days, the patient's clinical condition deteriorated with no definitive diagnosis. A repeat CT of her abdomen and pelvis without contrast showed worsening ascites. She underwent paracentesis, which revealed a markedly elevated ascitic fluid creatinine consistent with bladder rupture. She then underwent an urgent cystogram to confirm the diagnosis, and the urologic consultant recommended conservative management with a Foley catheter to allow for bladder healing. Conservative treatment failed however, and she underwent a surgical repair with drain placement which was followed by an improvement in her clinical condition. This case illustrates a unique presentation of a young woman with multiple sclerosis whose bladder perforation presented as abdominal pain and ascites. The multidisciplinary approach required here highlights the difficulty in reaching this diagnosis which is often undermined in patients who lack a history of traumatic injury. Such delays led to a complicated hospital course for our patient. Maintaining a broad differential for abdominal pain and ascites is essential.