Optimization of Glutaraldehyde Vapor Treatment for Electrospun Collagen/Silk Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

[Image: see text] Freestanding fibrous matrices with proper protein composition and desirable mechanical properties, stability, and biocompatibility are in high demand for tissue engineering. Electrospun (E-spun) collagen–silk composite fibers are promising tissue engineering scaffolds. However, as-spun fibers are mechanically weak and unstable. In this work, we applied glutaraldehyde (GA) vapor treatment to improve the fiber performance, and the effect on the properties of E-spun collagen–silk fibers was studied systematically. GA treatment was found to affect collagen and silk distinctively. Whereas GA chemically links collagen peptides, it induces conformational transitions to enrich β-sheets in silk. The combined effects impose a control of the mechanical properties, stability, and degradability of the composite fibers, which are dependent on the extent of GA treatment. In addition, a mild treatment of the fibers did not diminish cell proliferation and viability. However, overly treated fibers demonstrated reduced cell–matrix adhesion. The understanding of GA treatment effects on collagen, silk, and the composite fibers enables effective control and fine tuning of the fiber properties to warrant their diverse in vitro and in vivo applications.